<p>The Grand Opera House, often called The Grand and originally known as the Academy of Music, is a historic opera house located in Macon, Georgia, United States. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, it is now the performing arts center of Mercer University.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Academy of Music was constructed in 1884 with the largest stage in the southeastern United States and seating for 2,418, almost one-fifth of Macon&#39;s population at the time. The building was renovated in 1905; the present seven-story facade was added and the building reopened as the Grand Opera House.</p><br>
<p>The Grand has had numerous historic uses; live horses and chariots appeared in an 1908 production of Ben-Hur and during World War I, actor Charlie Chaplin led the John Philip Sousa band for a fundraising effort. The theater has also hosted, among others, Sarah Bernhardt, Will Rogers, George Burns and Gracie Allen, Lionel Barrymore, Ethel Barrymore, Bob Hope, the Allman Brothers Band, and Ray Charles.</p><br>
<p>Magician Harry Houdini was also a featured player at the Grand, leaving a well-known legacy: the stage sports a number of trap doors, one of which remains operational and is used occasionally today in performances such as annual production of The Nutcracker ballet. Local lore claims that the trap doors were installed specifically for Houdini.</p><br>
<p>In 1936, as the popularity of vaudeville waned, the Grand changed to a movie theater, hosting Macons only Hollywood premiere, 1945s God is My Co-Pilot.</p><br>
<h2>Revival</h2><br>
<p>By the 1960s, the Grand had ceased showing movies and plans were made to replace it with a parking lot. Those plans were blocked in 1967 by the Macon Arts Council, a group formed to save and restore the Grand; the group held a fundraising gala featuring the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and had the property placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Among the founders of the group was Macon architect Ellamae Ellis League who also supervised a restoration of The Grand so it could reopen as a live theater in 1969. (The second balcony, or peanut gallery, remained closed to the public and was dedicated to lighting equipment at this time, reducing the maximum seating to its current number of 1,030). Fund-raising efforts continued through the next several decades, with ongoing physical plant upgrades, with another renovation taking place in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, Mercer University signed a lease with Bibb County to manage the Grand. Subsequently, Mercer has invested in upgrading the facility to modern standards as well as making it a fixture for community events. Today, the Grand hosts many Broadway touring companies, concerts (such as those of the Macon Symphony Orchestra, community theatre productions (including the aforementioned Nutcracker holiday show), and other performances and events.</p><br>
<p>Agia Dynati  is the second highest Greek mountain of Cefalonia , after Mount Ainos . It is also the third highest mountain of the Ionian Islands after Ainos and Elati . Between the mountain&#39;s peaks are small tablelands, with one larger one named Falari. It is believed that Falari produces the best feta cheese in Greece.</p><br>
<p>The stretch of mountain includes parts of the municipalities of Lixouri, Pylaros, Sami and Kranaia. At Agia Dynati, during the 16th century, the Holy Monastery of Panagia Thematon was built. Many traditional villages, such as Makriotika, Divarata, Poulata, are built in the mountains.</p><br>
<p>In mythology, Agia Dynati is believed to be the rock that Cronus threw to Earth, after Zeus gained power. Rhea, the wife of Cronus, gave him the rock covered with swadding-clothes to eat it, because Cronus had eaten all of her children. When Cronus swallowed the rock, he suffered. So, Rhea could birth his child Zeus in Crete without Cronus knowing it. When Zeus gained power, he commanded Cronus to throw the rock to the Earth and also the children he had eaten. The origin of the name "Agia Dynati" is unknown, as there is no Saint Dynati on the Orthodox calendar.</p><br>
<p>In Agia Dynati, members of the 33 Infantry Division Acqui were killed by Germans during the infamous "Massacre of the Acqui Division."</p><br>
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<p>The Salt River is a 150 mi river in the USA state of Kentucky that drains 2,920 square miles. It begins near Parksville, Kentucky, rising from the north slope of Persimmon Knob south of KY 300 between Alum Springs and Wilsonville, and ends at the Ohio River near West Point. Taylorsville Lake is formed from the Salt River, and Guist Creek Lake is also in its drainage basin via Breshears Creek and Guist Creek.</p><br>
<p>Annual flooding swells the normally quiet waters to a rapidly flooding torrent. (See the Ohio River flood of 1937 at Louisville, for an example.) The Taylorsville Lake Dam, built in the early 1970s, has tamed the worst of the floods and changed the nature of the river downstream. Some flooding still occurs, especially near the Brashears Creek juncture at Taylorsville, but it is primarily back flow from the Ohio. The river receives the most rain in the month of May and the least in September per data from the local National Weather Service office.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The Salt River is a part of a Nature Conservancy because of several rare creatures and plants. The flood waters created rich bottom lands and support a variety of wetland habitats. Turtles, fish, waterfowl abound, deer, river otters and beaver are some of the typical animals living in the area. However some not so common animals live in the area like the Indiana bat, Gray bat, Fanshell, and Knob Creek Crawfish.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the animals, there are several rare or unique plants that live in the area. These include Carex crawei (Crawes sedge), Cypripedium candidum (small white ladys-slipper), Leavenworthia exigua var. laciniata (glade cress), Sporobolus heterolepis (Prairie dropseed), Symphyotrichum pratense (silky aster), and Viola egglestonii (Eggleston&#39;s violet).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The river has a 2,920 square miles drainage area and is the fifth largest watershed in the state. The terrain around the river is deeply ridged until it nears its outlet at the Ohio, near West Point. The river itself is roughly 480 to 500 ft above sea level. The shallow river valley is 490 to 530 ft above sea level, but there are usually steep hillsides that climb quickly to elevations at 650 to 750 ft, a common ground level in the central Kentucky area. This creates areas of flat topped ridges separated by narrow valleys or "hollows", often washed out by small creeks or streams draining into the river. Flash floods are common in these narrow valleys, and they complicate travel between ridges, often requiring a circuitous path. It was not uncommon for folks in the valley and folks on the ridge-tops to see each other infrequently.</p><br>
<p>The Salt River in Bullitt County contains class I rapids and is 11.5 mi. On cool mornings, fog fills the valley floor, stabilizing and cooling the temperature, while on the ridge, it may be hot and dry. Tobacco, corn and soybeans do well in the lower fields, even while droughts parched the drier, hotter ridges.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river received its name from the Bullitt&#39;s Lick facility that was founded in 1779 by Henry Crist. The river has been used for navigation and sustenance since humans occupied the area. Old Indian artifacts are found along the length of the river valley by farmers and new construction work in the area. Log cabins and settlements grew on the banks, using it as a source of water, power and transportation. The river bank flats and water made travel over through the ridged terrain easier.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, an earth-walled fort was established on a tall hill overlooking the Ohio, near the Salt River. It guarded passage through Louisville and south on the road along the Ohio River, which much later became known as the Dixie Highway. It also protected against Southern forces attacking from the Ohio River and up the Salt River. Fort Duffield may be the best-preserved earthen Civil War fort in America and illustrates how important river access via the Salt River and the Ohio was to early travelers.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 a dam was built just east of Taylorsville, forming Taylorsville Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>During early settlements, high water was used to ship timber and local product down stream to the Ohio River. In quieter waters, small boats came upstream, helping settlers move goods to remote farms. It also flooded towns like Taylorsville, Shepherdsville, and to a lesser extent southern Louisville and West Point, changing their architecture and growth pattern.</p><br>
<p>A number of mills used to dot the length of the Salt River and its tributaries, using the water to grind feed and flour, saw lumber and more. These include those of Bullitts Lick and Bells Mill on Floyd&#39;s Fork.</p><br>
<p>The Salt River was a primary water source for a number of towns and farms. Taylorsville, Mount Washington and Shepherdsville all used to draw water from the river until water lines from Louisville were extended out.</p><br>
<p>Herdsman Lake, also known as Herdsmans Lake, is a freshwater lake located on the Swan Coastal Plain, 6 km north-west of, Western Australia, in the suburb of Herdsman.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The lake is encompassed by Herdsman Lake Regional Park. It measures 2.5 km in length, and 2 km in width, totaling over 3 km&sup2;. The perimeter of lake is dredged to provide permanent open water, 15% of the area, during the dry summer months. The lake is a wildlife sanctuary, with birdwatching a popular activity.</p><br>
<p>Almost 80% of the lake is covered with Typha rush (Typha orientalis), an introduced weed. In summer, most of the lake is dry. 15% of the lake is permanent deep water. In the 1830s, the lake was a possible water supply for Perth. In 1936, the lake was almost used as an alternative airport. Herdsman Lake was declared a regional park in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Herdsman Main Drain is a 4 km x 1,000 mm underground pipe drain carrying excess water from the lake to its outflow at City Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Attractions within the park include the Olive Seymour Boardwalk, Herdsman Lake Wildlife Centre and Settler&#39;s Cottage. It also contains a statue created by Pietro Porcelli, which formerly sat atop the now demolished AMP Chambers building, which was rescued and placed on one of the islands. Walking, cycling, picnicking, bird watching and wildflower spotting are popular activities in the park. Disabled access is provided.</p><br>
<p>Black Butte is a stratovolcano  5.5 mi west of Sisters, Oregon in Deschutes National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Black Butte looks young, as it is barely eroded (except for little gullies a little bit above the base that were carved by long-gone streams). Mount Washington, which is visible from the summit of Black Butte, looks much more eroded, and older, than Black Butte. However, Black Butte is significantly older than Mount Washington which was eroded by glaciers, but Black Butte is east of the Cascade crest and does not receive enough precipitation to support glaciers, so erosion is minimal.In other words, Black Butte is more shielded from natural erosion and its consequences than the Cascades.</p><br>
<p>It is an extinct volcano composed of basaltic andesite. The cone rises 3,076 ft over the surrounding plateau. Black Butte is a striking feature just north of US Highway 20, which descends from the east flank of the Cascades. It is nearly symmetrical,</p><br>
<p>with no marks of glaciation. Even though it is older than the High Cascades mountains visible to the west, which are heavily scoured by ice-age glacier activity, Black Butte receives less snow at its lower elevation and location east of the High Cascades. The headwaters of the Metolius River flow from Metolius Springs near the northern base of Black Butte. The spring flows at a consistent rate of 45000 to 50000 USgal per minute.</p><br>
<p>In the local indigenous tongue, the mountain is called Turututu, but records show settlers calling it Black Butte as early as 1855.</p><br>
<p>Forest Service road 1110 climbs halfway up the mountain and a hiking trail continues to the summit.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, there are two fire lookout towers. Black Butte Cupola was built in 1924 and decommissioned in 1979. An 85-foot tower built in 1934, collapsed in 2001. Another tower was constructed in 1995 to replace the older one.</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos  is a village located 120 kilometers south-east from Thessaloniki on the Chalkidiki peninsula in Macedonia, Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos sits on the north-eastern top of Sithonia peninsula, smallest east-west diameter of Sithonia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The village Agios Nikolaos itself is closest to the sea of (Singitikos Gulf, Pyrgos Beach) approximately 1,5 km. away. However, its territory is quite extensive. To the north-east it borders the village of Pyrgadikia at Salonikiou Beach (8 km from Agios Nikolaos). To the north it borders the village of Metangitsi. In the west and south-west it is neighboring the village of Nikiti. To the south it runs up to Armenistis Beach, which is a part of the village of Sarti (approx. 18–20 km from Agios Nikolaos).</p><br>
<h3>Landscapes</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos&#39; landscapes show a substantial variability.</p><br>
<p>In the plains east and south-east of the village agriculture predominates with olive trees as the main cultivated plant. Forests are lacking. Toward the south, the Itamos mountain range of Sithonia gain height, and is completely covered with forest. Towards its northeastern extension (Salonikiou Beach) significant parts of the village territory is covered with forests. In all parts of the village territory plains or smooth hill segments are devoted to agriculture.</p><br>
<p>On the beaches there are hotels and pensions as well as individual homes that have been built since the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The highest point within Agios Nikolaos territory is mount Karvounas (height approx. 550 m) in the south-west (Vourvourvou).</p><br>
<h3>Settlements</h3><br>
<p>A couple of settlements do belong to Agios Nikolaos, as there are:</p><br>
<p>Vourvourou – located 10 km south-east. Vourvourou is a village near Agios Nikolaos, in the Chalkidiki peninsula of northern Greece. It is best known as a holiday destination. Close to Vourvourou are the settlements of Karidi and Fteroti. Diasporos island is very close to Vourvourou.</p><br>
<p>Salonikiou Beach – located 8 km north-east. Akti Salonikiou is the area around the beach of Salonikiou on the northeast coast of Sithonia, between Ormos Panagias and Pyrgadikia. The closest village is Metangitsi (4 km, in the mountain). Most of the buildings in the region are private villas but there are some studios and apartments to rent. The beach is more than 1 km long, with 5 то 25 meters width.</p><br>
<p>Ormos Panagias – located 4 km east/south-east, serving as the villages port. Ormos Panagias is an important port for Sithonia, Halkidiki. Considered as being a part of Agios Nikolaos, the port of Ormos Panagias is located just a few kilometres to the south. The amount of accommodation and restaurants that have collected around this harbour has made it grow into somewhat of its own village built around an existing old church. Even though it’s not officially recognized as a village, Ormos Panagias is considered a Halkidiki resort in its own right that attracts many people.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos was an independent municipality. In 2001 widespread rearrangement of Greek local administrative divisions was undertaken. This resulted in Agios Nikolaos being combined with the municipality of Sithonia and with the villages of Nikiti, Neos Marmaras, and Metangitsi.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos has 1,714 inhabitants (based on the core village of Agios Nikolaos). Including the settlements of Vourvourou, Salonikiou Beach, and Ormos Panagias, the population is 1,895 (2011 census). Almost all inhabitants are indigenous Greeks. After the rise of tourism, some non-Greeks do settle permanently in Agios Nikolaos, for example, Germans, Dutch, and Austrians.</p><br>
<p>During the holiday period, the population may rise to 10,000.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Traditionally, inhabitants of Agios Nikolaos had two economic mainstays: agriculture and fishery. Agriculture was mostly devoted to olive trees (and olive oil production), wheat, and winery. Fishery was limited to the waters of Singitikos Gulf and adjacent Aegean Sea.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1980s, tourism replaced fishery and agriculture as economic mainstay. Inhabitants have built own hotels, homes, and pensions or sold-off their agricultural land for real estate purposes. Concomitantly, living standards have risen significantly.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village&#39;s history starts back in the 16th century. Other sources (villagers) point back to the 14th century. Little is known through written records. As traditional story-telling recounts, Agios Nikolaos was moved from the sea into the land because of repeated attacks by pirates. But this information lacks historic proof. One indicator of the former village position however can be found at Pyrgos Beach, where remains of a watchtower presumably of Byzantine origin can be found.</p><br>
<p>The ancient city of Singos (giving name to Singitikos Gulf) was located within Agios Nikolaos&#39; territory. It was probably near the Vourvourou bay on Livari peninsula, where an ancient wall of large stones is still visible (Mega Teichos). Individual reports even mention remains of an ancient port at the very same location. No excavation was performed to confirm position and location of ancient Singos and significant remains of buildings are not evident.</p><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Public facilities</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos has following public facilities:</p><br>
<p>police station</p><br>
<p>health center (equal to a very small hospital)</p><br>
<p>pharmacies</p><br>
<p>post office</p><br>
<p>radio station</p><br>
<p>volunteer firefighters station</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos does not have a bank. The nearest bank is located in Nikiti (7 km away).</p><br>
<h3>Transportation</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos lies adjacent to the road leading from Nikiti to Sarti (Sithonia west ring) and from Nikiti to Pyrgadikia (semicircular road around Singitikos bay leading east). All roads are covered with concrete or asphalt.</p><br>
<p>There is no link to a railroad. (Chalkidiki has no railroad at all).</p><br>
<p>Ormos Panagias serves as port of Agios Nikolaos. Daily cruises to Mount Athos west coast take off from that port. It serves also as home port of the villages fishery boats.</p><br>
<p>Air traffic is managed by the international airport of Thessaloniki.</p><br>
<p>Bus traffic is the mainstay of public transport in Agios Nikolaos, as is in Chalkidiki and in Greece as a whole. Daily connections to Thessaloniki, Sarti, Polygyros, and Nea Moudania exist. In the summer, at least 3 buses a day do provide transportation, whereas in the winter bus frequency is lower.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos is primarily a traditionally built village with characteristic Macedonian architecture. However, a lot of traditional homes and houses have been replaced with modern ones. This is partially due to a higher standard of living as well as to stricter building standard because of earthquake concerns.</p><br>
<h2>Sightseeing</h2><br>
<p>Ancient remains worth sightseeing in a strict sense are not existent. However, one may want to take a look at:</p><br>
<p>Byzantine watch tower at Pyrgos Beach (only ruins visible)</p><br>
<p>Ancient Mega Teichos at Vourvourou (Livari)</p><br>
<p>Agios Nikolaos is full of noteworthy beaches, as there are:</p><br>
<p>Salonikiou Beach</p><br>
<p>Pyrgos Beach</p><br>
<p>Livrochio Beach</p><br>
<p>Latoura Beach</p><br>
<p>Lagonisi Beach</p><br>
<p>Livari Beach</p><br>
<p>Vourvourou Beach</p><br>
<p>Karidi Beach</p><br>
<p>Zografou Beach</p><br>
<p>Galana Nera, a beach located between Diaporos and Agios Isidoros.</p><br>
<p>Beside the beaches, the bay of Vourvourou has approx. 9 islands giving it a lagoon appearance.</p><br>
<p>Diaporos Island, largest island, partially inhabited</p><br>
<p>Agios Isidoros, the most eastern island</p><br>
<p>All islands and islands&#39; beaches can only be reached by boat.</p><br>
<p>Kusado Sengen is the name of a medieval town in Japan. It is located near the Ashida River in present-day Fukuyama City, Hiroshima Prefecture. Investigators believe that Kusado Sengen was a minor commercial port town on the Seto Inland Sea during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods. Exhibits and a reconstruction may be found at the Hiroshima Prefectural Museum of History.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Kusado Sengen was discovered in 1931 when a large quantity of pottery, porcelain and gravestones were discovered while attempting to re-route the Ashida River. Many historians believed that it was the site of a medieval town named Kusado Sengen. Excavation was not carried out, and the site was buried by a sandbank in the re-routed river.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>Excavation of the site was started in 1961 by the Fukuyama Municipal Board of Education.</p><br>
<p>Several items dating back to the Kamakura and Muromachi Periods were found, and it became obvious that the site was indeed Kusado Sengen. The Ministry of Construction planned river improvements and the construction of a dam. These plans caused the possibility that the sandbank on which the site was located might be destroyed or completely submerged. Serious and long-term investigations therefore became urgently necessary. Accordingly, the Hiroshima Prefectural Institute for the Kusado Sengen-cho Site Investigations was founded in 1973 as a research unit within the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education.</p><br>
<p>Many of the finds from the site that have been excavated are waterlogged and reasonably well preserved. Finds include wells, pits for garbage dumping, ditches, ponds, graves, and a wide range of objects such as pottery, wooden objects, stone objects, metal objects, bone tools, fabrics, and organic remains.</p><br>
<p>Pottery was very common amongst the finds at the site, the most common being earthenware. A great deal of imported pottery from Vietnam, Korea and China was found with it.</p><br>
<p>Many kinds of wooden objects were discovered. The majority of them were for daily activities such as eating and storage.</p><br>
<p>Lacquer ware bowls and dishes are regarded as common tableware in the town. These are believed to have been produced in the town, since a lot of lacquering tools were excavated from the site. On many of lacquer vessels there are designs of living things such as birds and plants.</p><br>
<p>Other finds include coins and carpenters&#39; tools.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kinyeti is the highest peak in South Sudan. It is located in the Imatong Mountains in Ikwoto County of Imatong State state, near the Ugandan border. It was earlier located in Eastern Equatoria before the reorganisation of states. Kinyeti has an elevation of 3,187 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The group of high mountains that contain Kinyeti, extending to the border with Uganda, are sometimes called the Lomariti or Lolobai mountains.</p><br>
<p>The lower parts of the mountain were covered with lush forest.</p><br>
<p>These are the most northern forests of the East African montane forest ecoregion.</p><br>
<p>The summit is rocky, with montane grassland and scattered, low ericaceous scrubs, low subshrub and herbs in rock crevices.</p><br>
<p>One of the first Europeans to visit the mountain was the botanist Thomas Ford Chipp, who discovered Coreopsis Chippii near the summit.</p><br>
<p>Cape Horn  is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America , Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet.</p><br>
<p>Cape Horn was discovered and first rounded by the Dutchman Willem Schouten, who named it after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs; these dangers have made it notorious as a sailors&#39; graveyard.</p><br>
<p>The need for ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. Sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting. Thus a few recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Almost all of these choose routes through the channels to the north of the Cape. (Many take a detour through the islands and anchor to wait for fair weather to visit Horn Island, or sail around it to replicate a rounding of this historic point). Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Volvo Ocean Race, the VELUX 5 Oceans, and the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn. Speed records for round-the-world sailing are recognized for following this route.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and ecology</h2><br>
<p>Cape Horn is located on Isla Hornos in the Hermite Islands group, at the southern end of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It marks the north edge of the Drake Passage, the strait between South America and Antarctica. It is located in Cabo de Hornos National Park.</p><br>
<p>The cape lies within Chilean territorial waters, and the Chilean Navy maintains a station on Hoorn Island, consisting of a residence, utility building, chapel, and lighthouse. A short distance from the main station is a memorial, including a large sculpture made by Chilean sculptor José Balcells featuring the silhouette of an albatross, in remembrance of the sailors who died while attempting to "round the Horn". It was erected in 1992 through the initiative of the Chilean Section of the Cape Horn Captains Brotherhood.</p><br>
<p>The terrain is entirely treeless, although quite lush owing to frequent precipitation. Cape Horn is the southern limit of the range of the Magellanic penguin.</p><br>
<h3>Lighthouses</h3><br>
<p>Two lighthouses are located near or in Cape Horn. The one located in the Chilean Navy Station is the more accessible and visited, and is commonly referred to as the Cape Horn lighthouse. However, the Chilean Navy station, including the lighthouse (ARLS CHI-030, {{coord|55|57|48.5|S|67|13|14.2|W|name=CHI-030}}) and the memorial, are not located on Cape Horn (which is difficult to access either by land or sea), but on another land point about one mile east-northeast.</p><br>
<p>On Cape Horn proper is a smaller 4 m fiberglass light tower, with a focal plane of 40 m and a range of about 21 km. This is the authentic Cape Horn lighthouse (ARLS CHI-006, {{coord|55|58|38.3|S|67|15|45.5|W|name=CHI-006}}), and as such the world&#39;s southernmost traditional lighthouse. A few minor aids to navigation are located farther south, including one in the Diego Ramírez Islands and several in Antarctica.</p><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<p>The climate in the region is generally cool, owing to the southern latitude. There are no weather stations in the group of islands including Cape Horn; but a study in 1882–1883, found an annual rainfall of 1,357 mm, with an average annual temperature of 5.2 &deg;C. Winds were reported to average 30 km/h, (5 Bf), with squalls of over 100 km/h, (10 Bf) occurring in all seasons. There are 278 days of rainfall (70 days snow) and 2,000 mm of annual rainfall</p><br>
<p>Cloud coverage is generally extensive, with averages from 5.2 eighths in May and July to 6.4 eighths in December and January. Precipitation is high throughout the year: the weather station on the nearby Diego Ramirez Islands, 109 kilometres (68 mi) south-west in the Drake Passage, shows the greatest rainfall in March, averaging 137.4 millimetres (5.41 in); while October, which has the least rainfall, still averages 93.7 millimetres (3.69 in). Wind conditions are generally severe, particularly in winter. In summer, the wind at Cape Horn is gale force up to 5% of the time, with generally good visibility; however, in winter, gale-force winds occur up to 30% of the time, often with poor visibility.</p><br>
<p>Many stories are told of hazardous journeys "around the Horn," most describing fierce storms. Charles Darwin wrote: "One sight of such a coast is enough to make a landsman dream for a week about shipwrecks, peril and death."</p><br>
<h3>Political</h3><br>
<p>Cape Horn is part of the Commune of Cabo de Hornos, whose capital is Puerto Williams; this in turn is part of Antártica Chilena Province, whose capital is also Puerto Williams. The area is part of the Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region of Chile. Puerto Toro, a few miles south of Puerto Williams, is the closest town to the cape.</p><br>
<h3>Sailing routes</h3><br>
<p>A number of potential sailing routes may be followed around the tip of South America. The Strait of Magellan, between the mainland and Tierra del Fuego, is a major — although narrow — passage, which was in use for trade well before the Horn was discovered. The Beagle Channel (named for the ship of Charles Darwin&#39;s expedition), between Tierra del Fuego and Isla Navarino, offers a potential, though difficult route. Other passages may be taken around the Wollaston and Hermite Islands to the north of Cape Horn.</p><br>
<p>All of these, however, are notorious for treacherous williwaw winds, which can strike a vessel with little or no warning; given the narrowness of these routes, vessels have a significant risk of being driven onto the rocks. The open waters of the Drake Passage, south of Cape Horn, provide by far the widest route, at about 800 km wide; this passage offers ample sea room for maneuvering as winds change, and is the route used by most ships and sailboats, despite the possibility of extreme wave conditions.</p><br>
<h3>Shipping hazards</h3><br>
<p>Several factors combine to make the passage around Cape Horn one of the most hazardous shipping routes in the world: the fierce sailing conditions prevalent in the Southern Ocean generally; the geography of the passage south of the Horn; and the extreme southern latitude of the Horn, at 56° south. (For comparison, Cape Agulhas at the southern tip of Africa is at 35° south; Stewart Island/Rakiura at the south end of New Zealand is 47° south.)</p><br>
<p>The prevailing winds in latitudes below 40° south can blow from west to east around the world almost uninterrupted by land, giving rise to the "roaring forties" and the even more wild "furious fifties" and "screaming sixties". These winds are hazardous enough that ships traveling east would tend to stay in the northern part of the forties (i.e. not far below 40° south latitude); however, rounding Cape Horn requires ships to press south to 56° south latitude, well into the zone of fiercest winds. These winds are exacerbated at the Horn by the funneling effect of the Andes and the Antarctic peninsula, which channel the winds into the relatively narrow Drake Passage.</p><br>
<p>The strong winds of the Southern Ocean give rise to correspondingly large waves; these waves can attain great height as they roll around the Southern Ocean, free of any interruption from land. At the Horn, however, these waves encounter an area of shallow water to the south of the Horn, which has the effect of making the waves shorter and steeper, greatly increasing the hazard to ships. If the strong eastward current through the Drake Passage encounters an opposing east wind, this can have the effect of further building up the waves. In addition to these "normal" waves, the area west of the Horn is particularly notorious for rogue waves, which can attain heights of up to 30 m.</p><br>
<p>The prevailing winds and currents create particular problems for vessels trying to round the Horn against them, i.e. from east to west. This was a particularly serious problem for traditional sailing ships, which could make very little headway against the wind at the best of times; modern sailing boats are significantly more efficient to windward and can more reliably make a westward passage of the Horn, as they do in the Global Challenge race.</p><br>
<p>Ice is a hazard to sailors venturing far below 40° south. Although the ice limit dips south around the horn, icebergs are a significant hazard for vessels in the area. In the South Pacific in February (summer in Southern Hemisphere), icebergs are generally confined to below 50° south; but in August the iceberg hazard can extend north of 40° south. Even in February, the Horn is well below the latitude of the iceberg limit. These hazards have made the Horn notorious as perhaps the most dangerous ship passage in the world; many ships were wrecked, and many sailors died attempting to round the Cape.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>In 1525 the vessel San Lesmes commanded by Francisco de Hoces, member of the Loaísa Expedition, was blown south by a gale in front of the Atlantic end of Magellan Strait and reached 56° S where they thought to see Land&#39;s End.</p><br>
<p>In September 1578, Sir Francis Drake, in the course of his circumnavigation of the world, passed through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean. Before he could continue his voyage north his ships encountered a storm, and were blown well to the south of Tierra del Fuego. The expanse of open water they encountered led Drake to guess that far from being another continent, as previously believed, Tierra del Fuego was an island with open sea to its south. This discovery went unused for some time, as ships continued to use the known passage through the Strait of Magellan.</p><br>
<p>By the early 17th century the Dutch East India Company was given a monopoly on all Dutch trade via the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, the only known routes at the time to the Far East. To search for an alternate route and one to the unknown Terra Australis, Isaac Le Maire, a wealthy Amsterdam merchant and Willem Schouten, a ship’s master of Hoorn, contributed in equal shares to the enterprise, with additional financial support from merchants of Hoorn. Jacob Le Maire, Isaac’s son, went on the journey as “chiefe Marchant and principall factor,” in charge of trading aspects of the endeavor. The two ships that departed Holland at the beginning of June 1615 were the Eendracht of 360 tons with Schouten and Le Maire aboard, and the Hoorn of 110 tons, of which Schouten’s brother Johan was master. It was Eendracht then, with the crew of the recently wrecked Hoorn aboard, that passed through the Le Maire Strait and Schouten and Le Maire made their great discovery:</p><br>
<p>At the time it was discovered, the Horn was believed to be the southernmost point of Tierra del Fuego; the unpredictable violence of weather and sea conditions in the Drake Passage made exploration difficult, and it was only in 1624 that the Horn was discovered to be an island. It is a telling testament to the difficulty of conditions there that Antarctica, only 650 km away across the Drake Passage, was discovered only as recently as 1820, despite the passage having been used as a major shipping route for 200 years.</p><br>
<h3>Trade route</h3><br>
<p>From the 18th to the early 20th centuries, Cape Horn was a part of the clipper routes which carried much of the world&#39;s trade. Sailing ships sailed round the Horn carrying wool, grain, and gold from Australia back to Europe; much trade was carried around the Horn between Europe and the Far East; and trade and passenger ships travelled between the coasts of the United States via the Horn. The Horn exacted a heavy toll from shipping, however, owing to the extremely hazardous combination of conditions there.</p><br>
<p>The only facilities in the vicinity able to service or supply a ship, or provide medical care, were in the Falkland Islands. The businesses there were so notorious for price-gouging that damaged ships were sometimes abandoned at Port Stanley.</p><br>
<p>While most companies switched to steamers and later used the Panama canal, German steel-hulled sailing ships like the Flying P-Liners were designed since the 1890s to withstand the weather conditions around the Horn, as they specialized in the South American nitrate trade and later the Australian grain trade. None of them were lost travelling around the Horn, but some, like the mighty Preußen, were victims of collisions in the busy English channel.</p><br>
<p>Traditionally, a sailor who had rounded the Horn was entitled to wear a gold loop earring — in the left ear, the one which had faced the Horn in a typical eastbound passage — and to dine with one foot on the table; a sailor who had also rounded the Cape of Good Hope could place both feet on the table.</p><br>
<p>One particular historic attempt to round the Horn, that of HMS Bounty in 1788, has been immortalized in history due to the subsequent Mutiny on the Bounty. This abortive Horn voyage has been portrayed (with varying historical accuracy) in three major motion pictures about Captain William Bligh&#39;s mission to transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Jamaica. The Bounty made only 85 miles of headway in 31 days of east-to-west sailing, before giving up by reversing course and going around Africa. Although the 1984 movie portrayed another decision to go round the Horn as a precipitating factor in the mutiny (this time west-to-east after collecting the breadfruits in the South Pacific), in fact that was never contemplated out of concern for the effect of the low temperatures near the Horn on the plants.</p><br>
<p>The transcontinental railroads in North America, as well as the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 in Central America, led to the gradual decrease in use of the Horn for trade. As steamships replaced sailing ships, Flying P-Liner Pamir became the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn laden with cargo, carrying grain from Port Victoria, Australia to Falmouth, England in 1949.</p><br>
<p>Many modern tankers are too wide to fit through the Panama Canal, as are a few passenger ships and several aircraft carriers. But there are no regular commercial routes around the Horn, and modern ships carrying cargo are rarely seen. However, a number of cruise ships routinely round the Horn when traveling from one ocean to the other. These often stop in Ushuaia or Punta Arenas as well as Port Stanley. Some of the small passenger vessels shuttling between Ushuaia and the Antarctic Peninsula will pass the Horn too, time and weather permitting.</p><br>
<h3>Recreational and sport sailing</h3><br>
<p>Despite the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals, the Horn remains part of the fastest sailing route around the world, and so the growth in recreational long-distance sailing has brought about a revival of sailing via the Horn. Owing to the remoteness of the location and the hazards there, a rounding of Cape Horn is widely considered to be the yachting equivalent of climbing Mount Everest, and so many sailors seek it for its own sake.</p><br>
<p>Joshua Slocum was the first single-handed yachtsman to successfully pass this way (in 1895) although in the end, extreme weather forced him to use some of the inshore routes between the channels and islands and it is believed he did not actually pass outside the Horn proper. If one had to go by strict definitions, the first small boat to sail around outside Cape Horn was the 42 ft yacht Saoirse, sailed by Conor O&#39;Brien with three friends, who rounded it during a circumnavigation of the world between 1923 and 1925. In 1934, the Norwegian Al Hansen was the first to round Cape Horn single-handed from east to west — the "wrong way" — in his boat Mary Jane, but was subsequently wrecked on the coast of Chile. The first person to successfully circumnavigate the world single-handed via Cape Horn was Argentinian Vito Dumas, who made the voyage in 1942 in his 33 ft ketch Lehg II; a number of other sailors have since followed him, including Webb Chiles aboard "" who in December 1975 rounded Cape Horn single-handed. On March 31, 2010, 16-year-old Abby Sunderland became the youngest person to single-handedly sail around Cape-Horn in her attempt to circumnavigate the globe. In 1987 The British Cape Horn Expedition, headed by Nigel H Seymour, rounded Cape Horn in the world&#39;s first ever &#39;sailing kayaks&#39; called &#39;Kaymaran&#39; two sea going kayaks which could link together with two sails mountable in any four of the sailing positions between the two kayaks.</p><br>
<p>Today, there are several major yacht races held regularly along the old clipper route via Cape Horn. The first of these was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, which was a single-handed race; this inspired the present-day Around Alone race, which circumnavigates with stops, and the Vendée Globe, which is non-stop. Both of these are single-handed races, and are held every four years. The Volvo Ocean Race is a crewed race with stops which sails the clipper route every four years. Its origins lie in the Whitbread Round the World Race first competed in 1973-4. The Jules Verne Trophy is a prize for the fastest circumnavigation of the world by any type of yacht, with no restrictions on the size of the crew (no assistance, non-stop). Finally, the Global Challenge race goes around the world the "wrong way", from east to west, which involves rounding Cape Horn against the prevailing winds and currents.</p><br>
<p>The Horn remains a major hazard for recreational sailors, however. A classic case is that of Miles and Beryl Smeeton, who attempted to round the Horn in their yacht Tzu Hang. Hit by a rogue wave when approaching the Horn, the boat pitchpoled (i.e. somersaulted end-over-end). Although they survived, and were able to make repairs in Talcahuano, Chile, they attempted the passage again, only to be rolled over, and dismasted for a second time, by another rogue wave, which again they miraculously survived.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and culture</h2><br>
<p>Cape Horn has been an icon of sailing culture for centuries; it has featured in sea shanties and in many books about sailing. One of the classic accounts of a working ship in the age of sail is Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard Henry Dana Jr., in which the author describes an arduous trip from Boston to California via Cape Horn:</p><br>
<p>Charles Darwin, in The Voyage of the Beagle, a journal of the five-year expedition upon which he based The Origin of Species, described his 1832 encounter with the Horn:</p><br>
<p>Alan Villiers, a modern-day expert in traditional sailing ships, wrote many books about traditional sailing, including By way of Cape Horn. More recent sailors have taken on the Horn singly, such as Vito Dumas, who wrote Alone Through The Roaring Forties based on his round-the-world voyage; or with small crews.</p><br>
<p>Bernard Moitessier made two significant voyages round the Horn; once with his wife Françoise, described in Cape Horn: The Logical Route, and once single-handed. His book The Long Way tells the story of this latter voyage, and of a peaceful night-time passage of the Horn: "The little cloud underneath the moon has moved to the right. I look... there it is, so close, less than 10 mi away and right under the moon. And nothing remains but the sky and the moon playing with the Horn. I look. I can hardly believe it. So small and so huge. A hillock, pale and tender in the moonlight; a colossal rock, hard as diamond."</p><br>
<p>And John Masefield wrote: "Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck / And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb."</p><br>
<p>A memorial presented in Robert FitzRoy&#39;s bicentenary (2005) commemorates his landing on Cape Horn on 19 April 1830.</p><br>
<p>Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot wrote a song entitled "Ghosts of Cape Horn"</p><br>
<p>In 1980 Keith F. Critchlow directed and produced the documentary film "Ghosts of Cape Horn", with the participation and archaeological consulting of famous underwater archaeologist Peter Throckmorton.</p><br>
<h2>'Rounding the Horn'</h2><br>
<p>Visiting Cabo de Hornos can be done on a day trip by helicopter or more arduously by charter power boat or sailboat, or by cruise ship. "Rounding the Horn" is traditionally understood to involve sailing from 50 degrees South on one coast to 50 degrees South on the other coast, the two benchmark latitudes of a Horn run, a considerably more difficult and time-consuming endeavor having a minimum length of 930 mi.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>* Around Cape Horn: A Maritime Artist/Historian&#39;s Account of His 1892 Voyage, by Charles G. Davis and Neal Parker. Down East Books, 2004.</p><br>
<p>* Cape Horn. A Maritime History, by Robin Knox-Johnston. London Hodder&Stoughton</p><br>
<p>* Cape Horn: The Story of the Cape Horn Region, by Felix Riesenberg and William A. Briesemeister. Ox Bow Press, 1994.</p><br>
<p>* Cape Horn and Other Stories From the End of the World, by Francisco Coloane. Latin American Literary Review Press, 2003.</p><br>
<p>* Gipsy Moth Circles the World, Sir Francis Chichester; International Marine, 2001.</p><br>
<p>* Haul Away! Teambuilding Lessons from a Voyage around Cape Horn, by Rob Duncan. Authorhouse, 2005.</p><br>
<p>* Rounding the Horn: Being the Story of Williwaws and Windjammers, Drake, Darwin, Murdered Missionaries and Naked Natives – A Deck&#39;s-Eye View of Cape Horn, by Dallas Murphy. Basic Books, 2004.</p><br>
<p>* En el Mar Austral, by Fray Mocho. University of Buenos Aires Press (La Serie del Siglo y Medio), 1960. An incredible account of the southern tip of South American by an Argentine Journalist.</p><br>
<p>* High Endeavours, by Miles Clark. Greystone, 2002. An account of the lives of the author&#39;s god-father Miles Smeeton, and his wife Beryl, including a couple of spectacular trips to the Horn.</p><br>
<p>*  A world of my Own by Robin Knox-Johnston. An account of the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world via Cape Horn between 1968 and 1969.</p><br>
<p>* Expediciones españolas al Estrecho de Magallanes y Tierra de fuego, by Javier Oyarzun. Madrid: Ediciones Cultura Hispánica .</p><br>
<p>* Storm Passage by Webb Chiles. Times Books</p><br>
<p>* The Last of the Cape Horners. Firsthand Accounts from the Final Days of the Commercial Tall Ships, edited by Spencer Apollonio. Washington, D.C.: Brassey&#39;s, Inc. 2000.</p><br>
<p>* Cape Horn – a maritime history by Robin Knox-Johnston</p><br>
<p>The Murat River or Eastern Euphrates  is the major source of the Euphrates River. The Ancient Greeks and Romans</p><br>
<p>used to call the river Arsanias (Ἀρσανίας). It originates near Mount Ararat north of Lake Van, in Eastern Turkey, and flows westward for 722 km through mountainous area. Before the construction of the Keban Dam, the Murat River joined the Karasu River or Western Euphrates 10 km north of the dam site and 13 km north of the town of Keban.</p><br>
<p>In Muş Province, the river is interrupted by the Alpaslan-1 Dam, which was completed in 2009. The Alpaslan-2 Dam is expected to be completed in 2016 and is located downstream of Alpaslan-1. The river merges into the reservoir of the Keban Dam, at one time Turkey&#39;s largest dam, which was completed in 1974 and provides electrical power.</p><br>
<p>In Bingöl and Elazığ provinces, Kalehan Energy has four dams planned for the river: from upstream to downstream, the Upper Kaleköy Dam, Lower Kaleköy Dam, Beyhan I Dam, and Beyhan II Dam. The Beyhan I is completed while the Upper Kaleköy is expected to be completed by 2017. They will have a combined installed capacity of 1,855 MW.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of the river name</h2><br>
<p>The present name is usually connected with the Turkish Murat or its appellative murat "purpose, intention, desire". But this may be folk etymology, so Hrach Martirosyan tentatively proposes derivation from Old Armenian mōrat, murat “mud, marsh”.</p><br>
<p>The river was called Arșania in sources of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and Arsanias in Classical Greek and Roman times. Those forms may be derived from an Armenian original (Արածանի Aratsani), itself from an Indo-European root for white, bright.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
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<p>The Ranfjorden  is a fjord in the Helgeland district of Nordland county, Norway. The largest part of the fjord is in the municipality of Rana, but the fjord also passes through Hemnes, Vefsn, Leirfjord, Nesna, and Dønna. The river Ranelva meets the Ranfjord in at the town of Mo i Rana at the innermost part of the fjord. It then flows to the west for about 68 km to where it meets the sea along the border of Dønna and Nesna municipalities.</p><br>
<p>The inner part of the fjord is lush, forested, and more heavily populated. The western parts of the fjord are narrow with steep sides and that area has few inhabitants. There is a narrow strait that connects to the Sørfjorden and Elsfjorden at the village of Hemnesberget. Two large rivers flow into the fjord: Ranelva and Røssåga. The European route E06 highway follows the part of the southern coast of the fjord on its way to Mo i Rana.</p><br>
<p>The Vefsnfjord is a fjord in the Helgeland traditional district of Nordland county, Norway. It is about 51 km long, reaching a maximum depth of about -440 m. The fjord flows through the municipalities of Alstahaug, Leirfjord, and Vefsn.</p><br>
<p>The fjord begins at Tjøtta, south of the island of Alsten and meets Leirfjord at Sundøy before turning to the south as it proceeds inland to Mosjøen. The outer part of the fjord is also called Sørfjord.</p><br>
<p>Several large rivers run into the Vefsnfjord, including the Vefsna, Fusta, and Drevja. All three of the rivers are traditionally excellent salmon fishing rivers, although they now have been infected with the salmon parasite Gyrodactylus salaris.</p><br>
<p>A German prisoner ship was sunk here by British Aircraft during World War II with major loss of life. A memorial is located on a nearby island.</p><br>
<p>A powerline crosses Vefsnfjord near Overtroan with a 3.236 kilometres long span.</p><br>
<p>Mount Washburn, elevation 10,243 ft, is a prominent mountain peak in the Washburn Range in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. The peak was named in 1870 to honor Henry D. Washburn, leader of the Washburn–Langford–Doane Expedition. The Washburn Range is one of two mountains ranges completely within the boundaries of Yellowstone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On August 29, 1870, members of the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition ascended the peak they named Mount Washburn after their expedition leader, Henry D. Washburn. A portion of Lt.Gustavus Cheyney Doane&#39;s description is quoted below:</p><br>
<p>Mount Washburn became a very popular tourist attraction early in the park&#39;s history. Many tourist accounts tell of a trip to the summit of Mount Washburn. In 1879, Mrs. Elizabeth D. Wickes of Boulder, Montana, in a party of eight men and five ladies, spent six weeks touring the park. Her account of Mount Washburn follows:</p><br>
<p>In 1914, two years before automobiles were allowed in Yellowstone, noted author Elbert Hubbard and his wife Alice spent two weeks touring Yellowstone. In a short article written after the trip—A Little Journey to the Yellowstone Hubbard described his visit to Mount Washburn.</p><br>
<h2>Mount Washburn trails</h2><br>
<p>Views from the summit include much of the northern section of Yellowstone National Park and on clear days, the Teton Range is also visible. The mountain trails are some of the most frequented in the park, so summer hikes can be crowded. With an altitude gain of 1,393 feet (424 m) in 3 miles (4.8 km), the hike from Dunraven Pass to the summit is moderate. Another trail which climbs 1,491 feet (454 m) in only 2.25 miles (3.6 km) starts from the Chittenden parking area.</p><br>
<p>One of three active fire lookout towers in Yellowstone is located on the summit. There is a small visitor center and restrooms on the first floor, an observation deck on the second, and a ranger&#39;s residence on the top floor (closed to the public).</p><br>
<p>Viñales Valley  is a karstic depression in Cuba. The valley has an area of 132 km&sup2; and is located in the Sierra de los Órganos mountains , just north of Viñales in the Pinar del Río Province.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Tobacco and other crops are cultivated on the bottom of the valley, mostly by traditional agriculture techniques. Many caves dot the surrounding hillfaces (Cueva del Indio, Cueva de José Miguel).</p><br>
<p>The conspicuous limestone cliffs rising like islands from the bottom of the valley are called mogotes. They can be up to 300m tall.</p><br>
<p>Viñales is a major tourist destination offering mainly hiking and rock climbing. The local climbing scene has started to take off in the last few years with many new routes being discovered resulting in an increase in local tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>There are some mountain formations, unique in the island, called mogotes. These mogotes constitute very unique geomorphological formations where some of them come to measure great height. These mogotes resemble a great diversity of forms, because they are only comparable with those located in China and the peninsula of Malacca.</p><br>
<p>In the valley there are other elevations, such as Alturas de Pizarras, which are formed by a variety of rocks, the oldest existing throughout the country and also in the Caribbean area.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Many endemic plants and animals are specific to this valley. Flora found in the region include Bombax emarginatum, mountain palm (Gaussia princeps), Ekmanianthe actinophilla, and Microcycas calocoma. Fauna includes bee hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae, zunzún), Cuban trogon (Priotelus temnurus), Cuban tody (Todus multicolor), Cuban solitaire (Myadestes elisabeth) and Cuban grassquit (Tiaris canorus).</p><br>
<h2>Mural of Prehistory</h2><br>
<p>In the valley of Dos Hermanas, we can find the Mural of Prehistory, which is painted on a stone of one of the elevations. This mural shows the evolution of life in a natural sense of Cuba.</p><br>
<p>The Mural of Prehistory is located in the mogote called Pita. It can be found on a perpendicular slope. The rock was washed and drains were also made in it to avoid erosion in the future due to the rain. It is 120 meters high and 160 meters in length. The artist was Leovigildo González Morillo, who was Director of Cartography of the Academy of Sciences of Cuba.</p><br>
<p>In it are represented Guanahatabeyes Indians, species of mammals, gigantic animals, as well as some mollusks.</p><br>
<p>In the Mural can be seen in 12 pieces the evolutionary process of men and animals in the Sierra de los Organs, in its different stages.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Hemavati is a river in Karnataka, India, an important tributary of the Kaveri.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and course</h2><br>
<p>The Hemavati River starts in the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1,219 metres near Ballala rayana durga in the Chikmagalur District of the state of Karnataka, in southern India. It flows through Hassan District where it is joined by its chief tributary, the Yagachi River, and then into Mandya district before joining the Kaveri near Krishnarajasagara. It is approximately 245 km long and has a drainage area of about 5,410 km².</p><br>
<h2>Hemavati Dam and Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>A dam across the Hemavati was completed in 1979, above Gorur in Hassan district, and downstream from the Yagachi confluence. The dam is 58 meters in height, and 4692 meters long, impounding a reservoir of 8502 hectares</p><br>
<p>The Shettihalli Rosary Church, which was submerged during the construction of the dam can be seen only when the dam height is low during the summer months. The church was constructed by French Missionaries in the 1860s, and has a mighty and magnificent structure in the Gothic Architecture. In 1960, when the government decided to build the dam, the church was abandoned. When the water level is low, sometimes coracles are used to go inside the church.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Soo Line Building is a 19-story residential highrise in Minneapolis, Minnesota which was the tallest commercial building in the city from the time it was completed in 1915 until the Foshay Tower was built in 1929. It was built for the First National Bank of Minneapolis, a predecessor of todays USA Bancorp . It later served for many years as headquarters of the Soo Line Railroad, which added an iconic clock to the corner of the buildings street level. For commercial purposes, it was sometimes referred to by its address, 501 Marquette. The building is located across Marquette Avenue from the 510 Marquette Building, the original Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Canadian Pacific Railway became a majority shareholder in the Soo Line Railroad in 1890 and outright purchased the company in 1990; the Calgary-based railway&#39;s USA headquarters then took over the space for its 400 employees. In 2011, the building was purchased by Michigan-based developer Village Green Properties for $11.3 million; after the commercial tenants were relocated, Village Green began conversion of the property in October 2012 into a 254-unit luxury apartment building with street-level restaurant, scheduled for completion in Fall 2013.</p><br>
<p>In front of that building is the Nicollet Mall station of the Blue and Green light rail lines. Nearby is Canadian Pacific Plaza, renamed after the Canadian Pacific Railroad moved in after vacating the Soo Line Building.</p><br>
<p>The Serranía del Perijá, Cordillera de Perijá or Sierra de Perijá is a mountain range, an extension of the eastern Andean branch , in northern South America, between Colombia and Venezuela, ending further north in the Guajira Desert, a total distance of about 310 km. It separates the Maracaibo Basin from the Cesar-Ranchería Basin. Some of the area has been considered as a Flora and Fauna Sancturary.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Starting at the southernmost point, near Ocaña, Colombia, this mountain range forms the boundary between the Colombian departments of Norte de Santander and Cesar, and then as the range progresses north, it forms the international boundary between Venezuela (Zulia State) and Colombia (Cesar Department). Included in the range are the Sierra Motilones, Sierra Valledupar, and Sierra Oca. The highest point is Cerro de Las Tetas at 3630 meters, followed by Cerro Irapa at 3540 m., Serranía de Macuira at 864 m., and Cerro Aceite at 853 m.</p><br>
<h2>Peoples</h2><br>
<p>The range is 58% in Venezuela, and 42% in Colombia. Venezuela has set aside a substantial part of the central part of the range as a national park (Sierra de Perijá National Park), and Colombia has a smaller one. In the Venezuelan portion there are Amerindian reservations for the Yucpa and Barí people, and in Colombia for the Iroko and Sokorpa people. Venezuela has started a colonialization border plan building new communities along the border in the Perijá. The town of Cojoro was the first one completed, followed by communities for the Wayuu and Goajira peoples.</p><br>
<h2>Economy and politics</h2><br>
<p>The climate is mostly tropical humid forests, with cultivation of coffee and papaver flowers. It is also a hot spot in the Colombian Conflict serving as home to parts of two FARC blocs called the Caribbean Bloc of the FARC-EP and the Middle Magdalena Bloc of the FARC-EP., and an ELN guerrilla column, that have also strayed into Venezuelan territory.</p><br>
<p>Lulusar is group of mountain peaks and a lake in the Kaghan Valley in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The word "sar" means "top" or "peak" in Pashto. The highest peak has a height of 11,200 ft above sea level . The locale is famous for the scenic and large Lulusar Lake, which is a popular tourist attraction. In the past, the narrow road to Lulusar restricted access, but it has been recently improved.</p><br>
<h2>Lulusar Lake</h2><br>
<p>Lulusar Lake, at 3,410 m, is the primary headwaters of the Kunhar River. It flows southwest through the entire length of Kaghan Valley passing Jalkhand, Naran, Kaghan, Jared, Paras and Balakot until its confluence with the Jhelum River. Lulusar Lake marks the historic place where fifty-five participants of the 1857 Indian war of independence were arrested.</p><br>
<h2>Destination</h2><br>
<p>The lake is much larger than other lakes in the Kaghan Valley. Its mirror-like water reflects the surrounding snowcapped Lulusar mountains, creating a natural tourist attraction. In the summer many domestic and international visitors make the lake and Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park a destination. From Gittidas east of the lake the Naran-Babusar road goes through the Babusar Pass, which is the highest point in the Kaghan Valley (el.4,173 m), to the Karakoram Highway and mountaineering hub of Gilgit.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>From Naran Town the Naran-Babusar road ascends 48 km northeast up Kaghan Valley to Basel, from where one reaches Lulusar Lake. Jeeps can be hired in Naran to travel to the lake, but as the Naran-Chilas road now runs along the lake many tourists and travelers visit the lake using personal transport.</p><br>
<p>The Peirce–Nichols House is a historic house museum located at 80 Federal Street in Salem, Massachusetts. Designed early in the career of noted Salem builder Samuel McIntire , and modified later by him, the building gives a unique view into the methods styles of McIntire. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its significance as an early masterwork of one the country&#39;s first recognized master builders. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum, which offers guided tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jerathmiel Peirce (1747–1827), began his career as a leather dresser. In about 1778, he formed a partnership with Aaron Waite, and purchased a two-gun schooner, the Greyhound, to serve as a privateer against British merchant vessels in the Revolutionary War. The partnership prospered, and over the next half a century, purchased/built at least 10 vessels, sending them to ports around the world. In 2000, the National Park Service had a full-scale replica of one of the Waite & Peirce ships built, the Friendship of Salem, which is the centerpiece of Salem Maritime National Historic Site. Waite and Peirce were also major investors in the newly incorporated Beverly Bank, and were members of Salems merchant aristocracy. Salem was a major center of trade in the early 1800s, and as a result of this, was the home of Americas first millionaire, and on a per-capita basis, was the richest city in America. Peirce went from humble beginnings to owning one of the finest homes in Salem.</p><br>
<p>In 1779, Peirce purchased a large lot in Salem, and in about 1782, he engaged Samuel McIntire to design and build his home there. The property he owned went all the way to the banks of the North River, where his ships tied up and he had a counting house. The house is known to have been completed by 1784, when city tax records show Peirce being assessed for a completed house. Peirce later suffered financial misfortune and was forced to sell the house. It was purchased by friends, who willed it to the children of George and Sally (Peirce) Nichols. The house remained in the Nichols family until 1917, when it was sold to the Essex Institute, predecessor to the Peabody Essex Museum. It was opened to the public in the late 1930s after the last of the Nichols owners died.</p><br>
<p>McIntire patterned the design of the house fairly closely on patterns found in the Builder&#39;s Treasury of Batty Langley, published in 1740. As a result the house has late Georgian styling. This was altered in some portions in 1801, when Peirce again hired McIntire to redo the hallway east parlor in preparation for the wedding of his daughter Sally to George Nichols. This area features the lighter Federal styling that was being popularized by architect Charles Bulfinch.</p><br>
<p>The house property was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968, cited as a particularly elegant example of late Georgian craftsmanship, and for its association with McIntire. It is also a contributing element of Salem&#39;s Chestnut Street District. The Peabody Essex Museum offers tours of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Peirce–Nichols House is a three-story wood-frame building sheathed in clapboards. It has a low pitch hipped roof that is encircled by a low balustrade at the cornice, which further has a central flat section that functions as a roof deck and is also surrounded by a balustrade. The corners of the building are decorated by fluted Doric pilasters rising the height of the building. The front entry is in the center bay (of five), and is sheltered by a pedimented porch supported by Doric columns set on a brownstone step. Large twin chimneys rise through the interior of the house. The windows on the first two floors feature 6 over 6 sashes, while the third floor has typical foreshortened 3 over 6 sashes.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a carriage house which is thought to date from the same time as the house. Its symmetrical front facade is divided into three sections, the center one featuring a projecting triangular pediment. The flanking sections are also pedimented, and are punctuated by round arched openings topped by keystones.</p><br>
<p>The Mabee Farm Historic Site, part of the Schenectady County Historical Society, is the oldest house still standing in the Mohawk Valley. It is located in the town of Rotterdam, New York, in the hamlet of Rotterdam Junction, New York, along New York State Highway 5S, about six miles  west of the city of Schenectady.</p><br>
<p>The original 9 acre property, including the original 1705 stone house, 1760s brick house, 1790s inn, a family cemetery and more, sits alongside the banks of the Mohawk River and was donated to the Schenectady County Historical Society on January 29, 1993. An H-bent frame Dutch barn, dating from the 1760s, was acquired from the Nilsen family in 1997, moved from Johnstown, N.Y., restored, and re-installed at the Mabee Farm Historic Site. Various educational programs and events are now offered to the public there. In 2007, 27 acres were purchased from a neighboring property and are now the location of the George E. Franchere Education Center, which opened in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property was first acquired by Daniel Janse Van Antwerpen in 1671. He purchased the property from the Mohawks and received a grant for the patent in 1680 from the English Governor Edmund Andros. Van Antwerpen, a friend, mentor, and neighbor of Jan Pieterse Mabee and wife Anna Borsboom in the Schenectadys Stockade Historic District, sold the westerly half of the farm property to Jan in 1705/6. The original deed was given to the Schenectady County Historical Society along with 582 other documents and over 1,000 artifacts. The original structures on the farm are the stone house, a frame pre-Erie Canal inn, in which Revolutionary War General Philip Schuyler stayed in 1792 while surveying for the Western Inland Navigation and Lock Company, and the brick summer kitchen. The farms original barns, however, were consumed by fire in the 1870s and 1970s. There is also a family cemetery, which has 21 headstones dating from 1771, including a recent (2011) marker honoring the slaves owned by the Mabee family.</p><br>
<p>George Franchere, the last descendent of that Mabee line to own the House and property, donated the site to the Schenectady County Historical Society, with the intention that it would be maintained as a museum and educational center. To that end, numerous family members, staff, and volunteers have worked to preserve the property and its donated artifacts, and to develop educational programs and events that present the history of Schenectady County and the Mohawk Valley to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Operation as a Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The Jan Mabee and Anna Borsboom House, Brick building, and Inn, on the 9 acres of property in Rotterdam Junction, NY were given to the Schenectady County Historical Society by George E. Franchere in 1993, 11 years before he died. In 1996, the Historical Society applied for a matching-funds grant to restore the house, but the grant was denied; the members instead planned a private fundraising campaign. In addition to the west part of the House, which dendrochronology done at Cornell University dates to approximately 1705, making it the oldest known unaltered structure standing in the Mohawk Valley, the site now contains the 1760s Nilsen Dutch Barn, a smaller English barn, and several small outbuildings.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the Historical Society acquired 27 acre of property adjacent to the site from Schenectady County to construct the George Eugene Franchere Education Center, a three-level 13,000 ft&sup2; structure which, completed in 2011, now allows the site to operate year-round. The Franchere Center provides space for rotating history and art exhibits, a 150-seat lecture hall, a conference room, gift shop, and also artifact storage, offices for staff, and work space for interns and volunteers. The building also features geothermal pumps which are powered by the solar panels atop the picnic pavilion. Additionally, in 2009 the Historical Society acquired 9 acres from NY State Canal Corporation across (north side) the Mohawk river, to protect its historic viewshed.</p><br>
<p>The site borders the south side of Mohawk River (now also the New York State Barge Canal), and the Farms dock serves as the home base for two bateaux, the De Sager and the Bobbie G, specially constructed by the Alplaus Maritime Academy for the Mabee Farm. The Onrust was built here from 2006–2009 in time for the Quadricentennial of Henry Hudsons voyage to what became New Netherland.</p><br>
<p>The Mabee Farm Historic Site is open year-round to visitors for guided tours through the historic structures, and/or for self-guided visits through the exhibits on display in the Franchere Center. Special events take place from May through October. In 2016, those events include the Migration Celebration, Celtic Heritage Day, Revolutionary War Living History Weekend, CanalFest, Arts & Crafts Festival, and the Fall Foliage Festival.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site is a historic brick building built in 1841 in the USA state of Illinois. It is located at 6th and Adams Streets in Springfield, Illinois. The law office has been restored and is operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as a state historic site.</p><br>
<p>The office building is a surviving portion of what was the Tinsley Block, a brick structure built by local developer Seth M. Tinsley in 1840&ndash;1841 to provide office space for professionals working in the newly chosen state capital city. The Illinois General Assembly had moved the capital from Vandalia, Illinois to Springfield in late 1839, and local workers had begun to build a new limestone state house, now the Old State Capitol State Historic Site, on the parcel of land just north of the Tinsley Block.</p><br>
<p>Lawyer Abraham Lincoln and his partner Stephen T. Logan moved their partnership law offices to a third-floor office in the Tinsley Block in 1843. The Illinois Supreme Court, where the partners often pleaded cases, met in the State Capitol across the street, and the USA District Court rented space on the Tinsley Block&#39;s second floor.</p><br>
<p>The firm of Logan & Lincoln broke up in 1844. Lincoln continued to practice law in the Tinsley Block office and accepted a younger lawyer, William H. Herndon, as his junior partner. The firm of Lincoln and Herndon practiced from the Tinsley Block office from 1844 until about 1852.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln's law work</h2><br>
<p>The casual visitor to the Lincoln & Herndon office in 1844&ndash;52 might not always have run into the firms senior partner. Lincolns duties often demanded that he ride the judicial circuit of counties in central Illinois, trying cases in more than one dozen county courthouses. In addition, Lincoln served one term in the USA House of Representatives from 1847 to 1849.</p><br>
<h2>The law office today</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln & Herndon firm moved from the Tinsley Block to a new office (since demolished) on the west side of the Old State Capitol square about 1852. In 1872 part of the building was torn down, but the section that had contained Lincoln&#39;s law office was preserved. After the building had undergone many further changes, in 1985 it became a state-owned historic site managed by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency (IHPA). The IHPA has since restored the surviving portion of the Tinsley Block to resemble its operations in the 1840s, with the federal court and the Lincoln and Herndon law office both operating within the building.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Lake is the reservoir created by Pickwick Landing Dam as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority. The lake stretches from Pickwick Landing Dam to Wilson Dam.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Lake has excellent sportfishing areas, including the Wilson Dam tailwater at the upper end of the reservoir, noted for record-size smallmouth bass and catfish. Another favorite spot is the discharge basin at Colbert Fossil Plant west of Sheffield, Alabama, where the warm water discharged from the power plant attracts fish during cold weather. The lakeshore plays host to two state parks: Tennessees Pickwick Landing State Park and Mississippis J P Coleman State Park.</p><br>
<p>Pickwick Lake is the north end of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, which provides a water transportation route to the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>Yellow Creek Cove is home to the Yellow Creek waterfall and is a popular destination for boaters. A rope swing off the top of the waterfall has been present for many years.</p><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Annapolis, in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It encompasses 4.1 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 2,994 interments. It is operated and maintained by the Baltimore National Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery is one of the 14 national cemeteries established by Abraham Lincoln in 1862 to accommodate the dead from the American Civil War. The original plot of land was leased, and later purchased, from Judge Nicholas Brewer.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War, Annapolis was a Union recruit training center. There was also a parole camp nearby (approximately three miles from what was then the city line) where Union prisoners who had been exchanged for Confederate prisoners were held until they could be returned to their own units. The conditions in the camp were crowded and were not particularly sanitary; many soldiers wound up in one of the army field hospitals at the USA Naval Academy and at St. John&#39;s College in downtown Annapolis. A large number succumbed to wounds they bore when they arrived, small pox, typhoid fever, dysentery or any of a number of other diseases. Most of the original interments were men who died in the parole camp or the field hospitals. Several Confederate prisoners, and one Russian national, also died in Annapolis and are buried in the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Many soldiers, sailors, Marines and airmen who served during, or died in, subsequent wars - as well as some of their dependents - are also interred there.</p><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>Annapolis National Cemetery has a monument dedicated to the unknown soldiers of the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Jones, recipient of the Medal of Honor for valor during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher in the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>John DeMay, Captain, Company D, 5th Infantry, 1st Air Cavalry. Awarded the Silver Star, the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Cluster, two Purple Hearts, Air Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Army Reserve Component Achievement Medal for actions in the Vietnam War.</p><br>
<p>Charles Edward Kirby, Jr., Private First Class, 24th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Awarded the Bronze Star Medal and the Purple Heart for actions during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Cabildo was the seat of Spanish colonial government in New Orleans, Louisiana, and is now the Louisiana State Museum Cabildo. It is located along Jackson Square, adjacent to St. Louis Cathedral.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Cabildo was destroyed in the Great New Orleans Fire (1788). The Cabildo was rebuilt between 1795–99 as the home of the Spanish municipal government in New Orleans, and the third floor with mansard roof was later added, in French style. The building took its name from the governing body who met there—the "Illustrious Cabildo," or city council. The Cabildo was the site of the Louisiana Purchase transfer ceremonies late in 1803, and continued to be used by the New Orleans city council until the mid-1850s.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s main hall, the Sala Capitular ("Meeting Room"), was originally utilized as a courtroom. The Spanish used the courtroom from 1799 to 1803, and from 1803 to 1812 it was used by the Louisiana territorial superior court. During the years between 1868 and 1910, the Cabildo was the seat of the Louisiana Supreme Court. The Sala Capitular was the site of several landmark court cases, including Plessy v. Ferguson.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 the building was in a state of decay and proposed for demolition; artist William Woodward led a successful campaign to have the historic building preserved and restored. In 1911 (the state&#39;s highest court having vacated), the Cabildo became the home of the Louisiana State Museum. The museum displays exhibits about the history of Louisiana from its settlement up through the Reconstruction Era, and about the heritage of the ethnic groups who have lived in the state.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<p>The Cabildo was extensively damaged by a fire on May 11, 1988, which destroyed the cupola and the entire third floor, but it was restored and reopened to the public in 1994.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the Cabildo survived Hurricane Katrina, the eye of which passed 30 miles (48 km) east of downtown, with relatively minor damage. Days after the storm struck, the Louisiana State Police used the business offices of the Cabildo to set up what was called Troop N. From the Cabildo, state troopers patrolled the city&#39;s streets along with police agencies from New Mexico and New York.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia is the oldest wine estate in South Africa and provincial heritage site in the suburb of Constantia in Cape Town, South Africa.</p><br>
<p>"Groot" in Dutch and Afrikaans translates as "great" (as in large) in English.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1685, during an annual visit to the Cape, Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede tot Drakenstein granted the grounds of Groot Constantia to Simon van der Stel the VOC Governor of the Cape of Good Hope.</p><br>
<p>Van der Stel built the house and used the land to produce wine as well as other fruit and vegetables, and for cattle farming. Following Van der Stel&#39;s death in 1712 the estate was broken up and sold in three parts: Groot Constantia; Klein Constantia; and Bergvliet.</p><br>
<p>In 1779 the portion of the estate including Van der Stel&#39;s Cape Dutch-style manor house was sold to the Cloete family, who planted extensive vineyards and extended and improved the mansion by commissioning the architect Louis Michel Thibault. The wine cellar was added by Cloete in 1791. The house remained in the possession of the Cloete family until 1885, during which period the estate became famous for its production of Constantia dessert wine.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 Groot Constantia was purchased by the government of the Cape of Good Hope and was used as an experimental wine and agricultural estate. Following a disastrous fire in 1925 the house was extensively restored.</p><br>
<p>In the year 1925 the manor house completely burnt down. Funds were raised to reconstruct it to its original Cape Dutch splendour.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 the manor house became part of the South African Cultural History Museum, and in 1993 the estate passed into the ownership of the Groot Constantia Trust. The exhibition in the house is managed by Iziko South African Museum, and is particularly focused on rural slavery and the life of slaves during the early Cape colonial period.</p><br>
<p>Today, other estates have joined Groot Constantia to form the scenic Constantia wine route. These estates include Klein Constantia, Buitenverwachting, Constantia Uitsig, Steenberg, Constantia Glen, Eagles Nest and High Constantia.</p><br>
<h2>Wine production</h2><br>
<p>Groot Constantia is noted particularly for its production of high-quality red wines, including Shiraz, Merlot and blended red Gouverneurs Reserve. In 2003 the estate began production of a Constantia dessert wine, called Grand Constance, for the first time since the 1880s.</p><br>
<h2>Popular culture</h2><br>
<p>A number of scenes for the 1955 movie Untamed was set at and within Groot Constantia after the protagonist discovers a diamond and returns to Cape Town to live in a stately mansion.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia, Constantia bedroom.JPGOne of the main bedrooms in Groot Constantia restored to how it would have looked in the 1700s.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia, Constantia main area.JPGView of the main interior room of Groot Constantia.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia Homestead.jpgMain house from the front in black and white.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia Landscape.jpgA view of the main house and surrounding hills in black and white.</p><br>
<p>Groot Constantia Wine Cellar.jpgThe Wine Cellar building at Groot Constantia in black and white.</p><br>
<p>Klein Constantia is a wine estate in the suburb of Constantia in Cape Town, South Africa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Constantia, the first wine farm in Southern Africa, was established in 1685 by the VOC Governor of the Cape Simon van der Stel, and was used to produce wine as well as other fruit and vegetables and cattle farming. Van der Stel, a keen viticulturist, had been the first to recognize the potential of the decomposed granite soil in the sheltered valley facing False Bay and bounded by sea on both sides after he had had soil samples collected from all over the Cape. He chose this area to plant his vines and named it Constantia.</p><br>
<p>Following van der Stel&#39;s death in 1712 the estate was broken up and sold in three parts (Groot Constantia; Klein Constantia; and Bergvliet).</p><br>
<h2>The Cloete family</h2><br>
<p>In 1778 the portion of the estate surrounding van der Stels mansion was sold to the Cloete family, who planted extensive vineyards of mostly Frontignac, Pontac, red and white Muscadel and a little Steen (Chenin blanc) and extended and improved the mansion. On the death of Hendrik Cloete in 1818, the estate was split, and the upper portion became the property of Cloetes son Johan Gerhard Cloete under the name Klein Constantia.</p><br>
<h2>Constantia Wine</h2><br>
<p>It was under the Cloete family ownership that Constantia&#39;s sweet dessert wine made primarily from vine-dried Muscat de Frontignan grapes reached the height of its fame.</p><br>
<p>In Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen&#39;s character Mrs Jennings recommends a little Constantia for "its healing powers on a disappointed heart".</p><br>
<p>In Charles Dickens&#39; last (and unfinished) novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Constantia wine is served to the reverend Septimus by his mother. "As, whenever the Reverend Septimus fell a-musing, his good mother took it to be an infallible sign that he ‘wanted support,’ the blooming old lady made all haste to the dining-room closet, to produce from it the support embodied in a glass of Constantia and a home-made biscuit."</p><br>
<p>In Charles Baudelaire&#39;s ( Les fleurs du mal) poem XXVI entitled sed non satiata Baudelaire compares the charms of his beloved to the pleasures of the night and Constantia wine: “Even more than Constantia, than opium, than Nuits, I prefer the elixer of your mouth, where love performs its slow dance.”</p><br>
<h2>The De Villiers family</h2><br>
<p>In 1913 Klein Constantia was purchased by Abraham Lochner de Villiers, a wealthy milliner from Paarl, and his American heiress wife, Clara Hussey. The house and its estate were restored when the couple made the Klein Constantia manor house their home during the year before the First World War. Life at Klein Constantia took an exuberant turn. "It was like something out of the Great Gatsby" said one enthusiastic guest. "You cannot imagine the glamour of it all".</p><br>
<p>Dressed in the latest fashion, Clara, whose grandfather was the first Pittsburgh steel tycoon, threw parties which were the talk of Cape Town, where Russian caviar was served, swathed in barrels of ice, together with oysters and smoked salmon; orchestras played, and peacocks strolled on the lawns.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh fortune was not confined to fine motor cars and caviar. Abraham and Clara set about the transformation of Klein Constantia with style and determination. Fine furniture and paintings were brought for the house, they added a dining hall, with a minstrel&#39;s gallery, a private chapel, and then a classical pavilion which stood beside a large swimming pool set in landscaped gardens.</p><br>
<p>Winemaking continued to play an important role and the farm produced good wine and excellent port.</p><br>
<p>Devoted to Klein Constantia as they were, Clara and Abraham were determined that the farm should remain within the de Villiers family. As they had no children of their own, their nephew Jan, son of Rocco and Annie de Villiers of Paarl, was designated as their heir, and sent to the University of California at Berkeley for two years to study viticulture. When Jan returned to Klein Constantia he remained until Abraham&#39;s death in 1930, when he then left for the Transvaal, returning only in 1955 when his Aunt Clara died, whereupon he inherited the property. With the passing of Clara Hussey de Villiers, the era of glamour and splendour came to an end.</p><br>
<h2>The Jooste Era</h2><br>
<p>In 1980 Duggie Jooste bought Klein Constantia, redeveloped it, and with the help of Professor Chris Orferr of Stellenbosch University and winemaker, Ross Gower, created and began selling a new recreated version of Constantia wine made from Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains. Duggies son, Lowell, joined the team and together they helped to revive Klein Constantias wines and the entire estate: completing work on a full cellar and tasting room by the mid 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Klein Constantia released its first vintage of the modern era in 1986 to much critical acclaim and quickly developed a reputation as one of South Africa&#39;s top wine estates.</p><br>
<h2>New ownership</h2><br>
<p>In May 2011 the Jooste family sold Klein Constantia to US citizen, Zdenĕk Bakala, and Charles Harman from the UK. Both have been regular visitors to South Africa for the past twenty years, and together with their families now divide their time between their respective homes in Europe and Cape Town. Mr Bakala is co-founder of the global diversified investment group, BXR, of which Mr Harman is the CEO.</p><br>
<p>In June 2012, Klein Constantia merged with Stellenbosch-based vineyard, Anwilka (formerly co-owned by Lowell Jooste, Hubert de Boüard and Bruno Prats) and Klein Constantia welcomed two new shareholders in de Boüard, of Château Angélus and Prats, formerly of Château Cos d&#39;Estournel.</p><br>
<h2>Wine production</h2><br>
<p>Klein Constantia is noted particularly for its production of high-quality white wines, including Sauvignon blanc and Riesling and is world-renowned for its revival of the famous 18th and 19th century Constantia dessert wine, known today as Vin de Constance.</p><br>
<p>Today, Vin de Constance consistently scores over 90 points in Wine Spectator Magazine and other rating publications like Robert Parker and in September 2012 Neal Martin of eRobertParker awarded Vin de Constane 2007 a 97-point rating.</p><br>
<p>The current portfolio of Klein Constantia wine includes the super-premium Estate range and the lifestyle KC range as well as special release wines like the single vineyard Perdeblokke Sauvignon blanc and a Méthode Cap Classique. Anwilka produces a flagship eponymous red wine and a second label little brother red wine called, Petit Frère. Klein Constantia&#39;s icon wine remains, Vin de Constance.</p><br>
<h2>Cape Muslim heritage</h2><br>
<p>Klein Constantia is the site of the kramat or grave of a revered Cape Muslim teacher and cleric, Sheik Abdurachman Matebe Shah, who is said to have been one of the three teachers who brought Islam to southern Africa in the seventeenth century.</p><br>
<p>After being captured during the Dutch conquest of Sumatra, Sheik Abdurachman was banished to the Cape Colony in 1661, only ten years after it was founded. He is thought to have died on the site that the kramat now stands in either 1681 or 1682.</p><br>
<p>El Chichón, also known as Chichonal, is an active volcano in Francisco León, north-western Chiapas, Mexico. El Chichón is part of a geologic zone known as the Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc. El Chichón is a complex of domes with a tuff ring, made of ejected volcanic material, located between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Central America Volcanic Arc. El Chichón erupted in 1982; prior to this, activity had not occurred since ca.1360, although debates in literature occur around an eruption occurring in ca.1850.</p><br>
<p>El Chichón became famous for its 1982 eruption. In little under a week, the presumed dormant volcano produced three plinian eruptions (March 29, April 3, and April 4th). El Chichón is often overlooked in comparison to other historic eruptions, yet the 1982 eruptions provide important lessons on preparation for volcanic disasters and the influence volcanoes can have on climate.</p><br>
<h2>1982 eruption</h2><br>
<p>The 1982 eruption of El Chichón is the largest volcanic disaster in modern Mexican history. A total of 9 villages were completely destroyed, killing 2,000 people. A new 1-km-wide, 300-m-deep crater was created that now contains an acidic crater lake. The landscape was covered in ash up to 40 cm in depth. Over 24,000 km of countryside was affected, devastating coffee, cocoa, banana crops, and cattle ranches. The eruption caused natural dams to form along the Rio Magdalena river, inducing lahars, which destroyed key infrastructure. The total damage caused by the 1982 eruption is believed to amount to $55 million (equivalent to $132 million in present-day US dollars).</p><br>
<h3>Lack of preparation</h3><br>
<p>With more than 600 years since the last major eruption of El Chichón, few people were aware of the volcanic risk. Most presumed it to be a dormant volcano or extinct. Throughout 1980 and 1981 earthquakes were felt in the surrounding regions, and geologists hazard mapped the region highlighting risks, however no increases were seen in monitoring activity.</p><br>
<h3>Climate impacts</h3><br>
<p>It was a VEI-5 eruption, injecting 7 million metric tonnes of sulfur dioxide and 20 million metric tonnes total of particulate material into the stratosphere, which circulated the Earth in three weeks. The amount of sulfur dioxide is comparable to the 20 million tonnes of the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.</p><br>
<p>The eruption occurred just as the 1982–83 El Niño event was initiating; because of this several scientists suggested that the El Chichón eruption caused the El Niño. However, climate modeling and detailed studies of past eruptions and El Niño have shown that there are no plausible theories connecting these two events, and that the timing was merely a coincidence.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the simultaneous eruption and El Niño, the climate felt the impacts of both, making it challenging to separate their effects on temperature. Generally a volcanic event would induce global cooling, particularly in summer months, however no cooling was seen in the first year after the El Chichón eruption, because the El Niño produced large compensating warming.</p><br>
<p>The climatic effects also triggered winter warming patterns observed within northern hemisphere continents in 1982 and 1983, with temperatures increasing over North America, Europe, and Siberia. During the same winter, Alaska, Greenland, the Middle East, and China witnessed colder temperatures than normal, highlighting regional variation. The variation is said to be a result of volcanic aerosols impact on the atmospheric wind patterns, including the Arctic Oscillation.</p><br>
<h2>Ash properties</h2><br>
<p>The deposition of ash in the surroundings of the volcano varies with distance from the volcano since the ash particles vary in size. This is problematic, since ash samples are collected from the ground in order for the optical and chemical properties to be measured which too will vary with distance from the volcano. Therefore, one can only measure certain relevant parameters for samples collected from the air or from the ground. However, some samples are of greater interest than others. Thus, the most important samples are the ones furthest from the volcano (80 km, 100 km,) due to the fact that they are the most likely to reach the stratosphere. In particular, the 80 km one has shown similarities with stratospheric ash samples.</p><br>
<h3>Chemical properties</h3><br>
<p>For ash samples around 100 km away from the volcano, the presence of the soluble and non soluble components has been identified.</p><br>
<p>The water-soluble components present in the highest concentration are Ca and SO4. There have also been traces of Na, K, Mg, HCO3 and Cl.</p><br>
<p>The non-soluble part consists mostly of SiO2 (around 59%) and Al2O3 (around 18%) along with trace amounts (less than 5%) of other components, such as CaO, Na2O and Fe2O3.</p><br>
<h3>Optical properties</h3><br>
<p>For the El Chichón cloud, the optical depth has been measured to be around 0.3 around mid-visible wavelengths.</p><br>
<p>The imaginary part of the refractive index, describing the attenuation of radiation for the 80 km sample, varies between 0.004 at 300 nm and 0.001 at 700 nm. Based on these results, the real part of the refractive index of the stratospheric El Chichon ash is estimated around 1.52, while the imaginary part is expected to be slightly less than the one measured for the ground samples.</p><br>
<p>The Lockwood–Mathews Mansion is a Second Empire style country house, now a museum, at 295 West Avenue in Norwalk, Connecticut. It was built in 1864-68 by railroad and banking magnate LeGrand Lockwood.</p><br>
<p>The 62-room 44,000 ft&sup2; (26,402 ft&sup2; of living space) mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as "one of the earliest and finest surviving Second Empire style country houses ever built in the United States." It sits at 295 West Ave., in Mathews Park, where the Stepping Stones Museum for Children is also located.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>As private home</h3><br>
<p>The estate, then called "Elm Park," was built by LeGrand Lockwood, who made his fortune in banking and the railroad industry. Construction began in 1864 just west of the Norwalk River in Norwalk and was completed four years later. Designed by European-trained, New York-based architect Detlef Lienau, the mansion "is considered his most significant surviving work," according to the association. Both American and immigrant artisans worked to construct and decorate the house. Prominent New York decorating firms, including Herter Brothers and Leon Marcotte were contracted to furnish the mansions interiors. Financial reversals in 1869 and Lockwoods death in 1872 resulted in loss of the estate by Lockwood&#39;s heirs.</p><br>
<p>In 1874 the family lost the mansion and grounds through foreclosure.</p><br>
<p>Charles D. Mathews, described in his New York Times obituary as "a very wealthy retired New-York provision dealer", and his wife, Rebecca Thompson Mathews, bought the property in 1876. The mansion was a residence and suburban retreat for the Mathews family, with their Thompson and Martin relatives, until the death of Charles&#39;s daughter Florence in 1938.</p><br>
<h3>As museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1941 the estate was sold to the City of Norwalk, which designated it a public park. In the 1950s, the building was threatened with demolition, but local preservationists succeeded in saving it. They formed Lockwood–Mathews Mansion Museum, Inc. to run the site, which was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>"The Museums mission is to conserve the building while creating educational programs on the material, artistic and social culture of the Victorian era," according to the museum organizations Web site. Built in 1864-68, it is an early example of the style used by wealthy New York City elites such as the Vanderbilts in building their Gilded Age mansions later in the 19th century, and set a new standard for opulence.</p><br>
<p>A master plan for renovating the mansion was expected to be completed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>In a decades-long Christmastime tradition, interior decorators deck out about a dozen rooms in the mansion with holiday decorations. An annual "community celebration" is held in December with Christmas music, refreshments and a Santa Claus. In 2007, 10 interior decorators volunteered their services and materials for the event.</p><br>
<p>The museum has hosted an annual antique show since 1978. In 2006 the show was held the last weekend in October and attracted dealers from Ohio and Pennsylvania as well as Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>In the 2000s, statues and furniture that had originally been in the mansion were bought and placed back in it. Two marble statues, sculpted in 1859 by Joseph Mozier, an American artist, and bought by Lockwood, were purchased for $185,000. A $165,000 sofa original to the home was also acquired and brought back to it.</p><br>
<p>The home was used as a filming location for the 2004 remake of The Stepford Wives. Paramount Pictures paid the museum $400,000 to paint its central rotunda. The studio also left behind some large paintings (in essence, theatrical pastiches), which serve to emphasize the dramatic size of the rotunda. As a result, the walls look fresh and decorated, and will remain protected until further funds become available for proper, curatorial restoration of the original damaged surfaces.</p><br>
<p>The mansion has been used by survivors and victims of the September 11 attacks.</p><br>
<p>The city had planned in 1959 "to build a city hall in the park and tear down the mansion to make way for it." Considerable controversy and claims of bad faith ensued. The Junior League of Stamford-Norwalk eventually led a restoration, supported by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the American Institute of Architects, the National Park Service, and the Connecticut Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was also featured in the movie House of Dark Shadows.</p><br>
<p>The Hermite Islands  are the islands Hermite, Herschel, Deceit and Hornos as well as the islets Maxwell, Jerdán, Arrecife, Chantieler, Hall, Deceit , and Hasse at almost the southernmost end of South America. The smallest and southernmost of the major islands is Hornos Island, the location of Cape Horn. The islands are located south of the Wollaston Islands and separated from them by the Franklin Channel. The islets Terhalten, Sesambre, Evout and Barnevelt are located easterly and are not considered part of the Hermite islands.</p><br>
<p>The southernmost islands of the American continent are the Diego Ramírez Islands, southwest of Cape Horn. South of all these islands is the Drake Passage.</p><br>
<p>The southern tip of Deceit island extends southeastwards through a line of sharp-edged rocks known as Los dientes o garras de Deceit (Deceit teeth or claws) that end in a rough islet, Islote Deceit. The islands form part of the Cabo de Hornos National Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>They are named after the Dutch admiral Jacques l&#39;Hermite (1582-1624). Hermite Islands were visited by Charles Darwin at the turn of 1832/1833. Argentina started 1978 the Operation Soberania to seize the islands.</p><br>
<p>The Colony Club is a women-only private social club in New York City. Founded in 1903 by Florence Jaffray Harriman, wife of J. Borden Harriman, as the first social club established in New York City by and for women, it was modeled on similar clubs for men. Today, men are admitted as guests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The club and the street in front of it were often the site of large suffrage rallies sponsored by the Equal Franchise Society to which many members of the Club belonged.</p><br>
<h3>Original clubhouse</h3><br>
<p>With other wealthy women, including Anne Tracy Morgan (a daughter of J.P. Morgan), Harriman raised $500,000, and commissioned Stanford White of McKim, Mead & White to build the original clubhouse, later known as the "Old Colony Club". This building – at 120 Madison Avenue, between East 30th and East 31st Streets on the west side of Madison – was built between 1904 and 1908 and was modelled on eighteenth-century houses in Annapolis, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The interiors, which exist largely unchanged and have been accorded the landmark status, were created by Elsie de Wolfe &ndash; later to become Lady Mendl &ndash; a former actress who had recently opened an interior-design business, and whose companion, the theatrical agent Elisabeth Marbury, was one of the club&#39;s founders. Stanford White was slain by Harry K. Thaw months before construction of the Colony Club was completed. The building was designed in the Federal Revival style, and has unusual brickwork done in a diaper pattern as a notable feature of its facade.</p><br>
<p>The Old Colony Club was sold after the club moved to its new location in 1916. Today, the building houses the East Coast headquarters of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. It was awarded landmark status by the City of New York in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>Second clubhouse</h3><br>
<p>The second clubhouse, located at 564 Park Avenue, also known as 51 East 62nd Street, on the northwest corner, was commissioned in 1913 and constructed from 1914 to 1916. It was designed by Delano & Aldrich in the Neo-Georgian style, with interiors designed by Elsie de Wolfe The building has a marble base with red-brick and marble trim and columns for the upper floors. According to Andrew Dolkart:</p><br>
<p>In 1973, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger&#39;s birthday party was held at the Colony Club (among the guests, ironically, were four couples whom Kissinger had ordered to wiretapped). In 2007, memorial services for Brooke Astor were held there. The club continues its policy of women-only membership – new members must be recommended by current members — although it was unsuccessfully contested in court in 1987 by conservative radio talk-show host Bob Grant and Sidney Siller, who founded the National Organization for Men.</p><br>
<p>The Club presently has approximately 2,500 members who have access to discussions, concerts, and wellness and athletic programs. The Clubhouse consists of seven stories, 25 guest bedrooms, three dining rooms, two ballrooms, a lounge, a squash court, an indoor pool, a fitness facility and three personal spa service rooms. Annual gross revenues are more than $10 million.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Madeleine Talmage Force Astor &ndash; wife of John Jacob Astor IV</p><br>
<p>Ambassador Robin Chandler Duke</p><br>
<p>Florence Jaffray Harriman &ndash; founder</p><br>
<p>Jessica Garretson Finch, college president, founding member.</p><br>
<p>Elisabeth Marbury</p><br>
<p>Kathleen Troia McFarland</p><br>
<p>Anne Morgan &ndash; a daughter of J. P. Morgan, and a founding member</p><br>
<p>Frances Louisa Tracy Morgan &ndash; wife of J. P. Morgan</p><br>
<p>Judith Peabody</p><br>
<p>Emily K. Rafferty, former president Metropolitan Museum of Art</p><br>
<p>Abby Aldrich Rockefeller</p><br>
<p>Julia Catlin Park Taufflieb &ndash; the first American woman to receive the Légion d&#39;honneur in World War I for turning her chateau in northern France into a 300-bed hospital</p><br>
<p>Anne Harriman Vanderbilt, founding member</p><br>
<p>Ava Lowle Willing &ndash; founding member</p><br>
<p>The Eagle River Stadium is an ice rink and arena located in Eagle River, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Eagle River Stadium, which seats roughly 2,000 people, was designed by German immigrant architect and engineer Max Hanisch, Sr. and constructed by local volunteers and community residents. Constructed mainly of wood, it is the first indoor hockey arena built in the state of Wisconsin. The roof framing is a wooden lamella design, using solid-sawn timbers interconnected in a unique honeycomb pattern. The facility is affectionately referred to as "The Dome" because of its dome-like shape. It has received major renovations once, in 1963-1964, when new locker rooms, indoor plumbing, and a concession stand were added.</p><br>
<p>The arena is home to the local high school hockey team, the Northland Pines Eagles; the ERRA Youth Hockey Association; a semi-pro hockey team, the Eagle River Falcons; and the Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame.</p><br>
<p>Api is the highest peak in the Yoka Pahar Section of Gurans Himal, part of the Himalayas in the extreme northwest corner of Nepal, near the borders of Tibet. It is a little-known peak in a rarely visited part of the Himalayas, but it rises dramatically over the low surrounding terrain.</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Although low in elevation among the major mountains of Nepal, Api is exceptional in its rise above local terrain; the surrounding valleys are significantly lower than those surrounding most higher Himalayan peaks.</p><br>
<p>Api peak&#39;s south face rises 3,300m (10,826 ft) above its base.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The Api region was visited by Westerners in 1899, 1905, and 1936, but the peak was not attempted until 1953 on a visit by W. H. Murray a Scottish Mountaineer with John Tyson. This attempt was unsuccessful, as was another, by Italians, in 1954 which resulted in the death of two expedition members.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Api occurred in 1960. The Doshisha Alpine Society of Japan successfully</p><br>
<p>completed the Northwest Face route attempted by the 1954 party.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 a British Army Mountaineering Association expedition made an attempt to climb the peak by the south face reaching within a few hundred meters of the summit.</p><br>
<p>December 24, 1983 Polish climbers Tadeusz Piotrowski and Andrzej Bieluń made the first winter ascent.</p><br>
<p>The Himalayan Index lists three more ascents of the peak, in 1978, 1996 and 2001.</p><br>
<p>Prince Leopold Island is an island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in Lancaster Sound at the junction of Prince Regent Inlet and Barrow Strait. Somerset Island is situated 13 km to the southwest; Port Leopold is the closest landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>First named Prince Leopold&#39;s Isles by William Parry during his expedition of 1819, after then Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (the future King Leopold I of Belgium), maternal uncle and adviser of Queen Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is oval-shaped, and 14 km east-west by 8 km north-south in size.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The island is a Canadian Important Bird Area (#NU006), a federally listed migratory bird sanctuary, and a Key Migratory Bird Terrestrial Habitat site (NU Site 15).</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Large numbers of thick-billed murres, northern fulmars and black-legged kittiwakes breed on the cliff ledges, arriving in the vicinity in May or early June and departing by mid-September. The island is the most important station for breeding marine birds in the Canadian Arctic, having larger numbers and a greater diversity of species than any other site. Intensive studies of the breeding seabirds were carried out in 1975-77 and in a dozen subsequent years, providing evidence of how ice conditions affect the breeding birds.</p><br>
<p>Chachai Falls is in Rewa district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It is the 23rd highest waterfall in India.</p><br>
<h2>The Falls</h2><br>
<p>The Chachai Falls is on the Bihad River, a tributary of Tamsa or Tons River as it comes down from the Rewa Plateau. It has a total height of 130 m.</p><br>
<p>Chachai Falls is an example of a nick point caused by rejuvenation. Knick point, also called a nick point or simply nick, represents breaks in slopes in the longitudinal profile of a river caused by rejuvenation. The break in channel gradient allows water to fall vertically giving rise to a waterfall.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is situated 46 km from Rewa, at the edge of the Chitrakoot Hills, a part of the Kaimur Range</p><br>
<p>Dudipatsar Lake or Dudipat Lake is a lake encircled by snow clad peaks in Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park. The lake lies in the extreme north of the Kaghan Valley, in the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, in northern Pakistan. The word "dudi" means white, "pat" means mountains and "sar" means lake. This name has been given to the lake because of the white color of snow on surrounding peaks. In summer the water of the lake reflects like a mirror. The word "sar" is used with the name of each lake in the area, translating as lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s water is a beautiful greenish blue hue and very cold, at an elevation of 3,800 m. The surrounding mountains, with snow patches in the shady dales, average around 4,800 m in elevation. Their natural habitat is in the Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows ecoregion.</p><br>
<p>Lulusar Lake, also in the park, is the primary headwaters of the Kunhar River. Saiful Muluk National Park, with Saif ul Maluk Lake, is adjacent in the 150 km long Kaghan Valley region and together the parks protect 88,000 hectare.</p><br>
<h3>Wildlife</h3><br>
<p>The lake and its wetlands habitats are of significant ecological importance for resident fauna and migratory waterfowl. Some of the park&#39;s fauna includes the snow leopard, black bear, marmot, weasel, lynx, leopard, Himalayan snowcock, and snow partridge.</p><br>
<p>The lake had an abundance of trout, but illegal fishing with dynamite and nets resulted in a sharp decline in fish population.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The lake and park is accessible for four months of the year from June to late September. In the summer, when the mirror-like water reflects the scenery, visitors from different regions of the country and from abroad travel to enjoy the enchanting views. The trail head for Dudipatsar is located at Besal, which is about an hours drive from the town of Naran. The road is accessible by cars and motorbikes. From Besal onwards visitors trek in vast alpine meadows to reach Dudiptsar Lake. It is advised to not hike it in snowy conditions, as it is an avalanche prone area.</p><br>
<p>The 2005 Kashmir earthquake in North Pakistan made access more difficult. However, since 2006 the Pakistan government has taken steps to restore tourism in the Kaghan Valley, including rebuilding and new tourism facilities and infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>Tempe Butte  is the official name of an andesite butte of volcanic origin, located partially on Arizona State Universitys Tempe campus in Tempe, Arizona. It is often referred to by locals as A Mountain, after the 60 ft gold-painted letter A&#39; near the top. Another name for the area, used by the City of Tempe, is Hayden Butte.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Tempe Butte stands at 1,398 ft in elevation, while its base is at approximately 1,150 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<p>Tempe Butte is most often seen as the backdrop to games held in Sun Devil Stadium, including until recently the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, as well as Super Bowl XXX.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Originally, Tempe Butte was part of a series of horizontal layers, but the strata has been tilted associated with the formation of South Mountain, and millennia of erosion has created the distinctive hogback of resistant andesite, over sedimentary deposits and rhyolite beds.</p><br>
<p>Despite intensive development, the butte and its immediate surroundings continue to support a variety of native vegetation, including saguaro, Buckhorn Cholla, barrel cactus, creosote bush, palo verde, and mesquite. Native wildlife include jackrabbits, and small desert-adapted species such as pack rats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Signs of early habitation by the Hohokam people have been found on Tempe Butte, including petroglyphs, pot shards, scrapers, and metate. The area just west of the butte would be settled by the 1870s in an area first known as Hayden&#39;s Ferry, then a major crossing for the Salt River which flows just north of the butte. The proximity of the community to the butte prompted Darrell Duppa to fancifully compare the area to the Vale of Tempe near Mount Olympus in Greece; therefore, the town was given its present name. The remains of the Hayden Flour Mill (which lends its name to main thoroughfare Mill Avenue) still stand near the western edge of the butte.</p><br>
<p>More recent alterations include two water tanks on the south flank of the butte, and several trails, at least one paved, to provide access to man-made structures. The east side of the butte was partially excavated in order to accommodate the construction of Sun Devil Stadium in 1958. A 50 ft radio tower was built on the top of the mountain in 1962 for the Salt River Project.</p><br>
<p>Recent development along the adjacent stretch of the Salt River (which has been dammed to form Tempe Town Lake) has prompted several grassroots movements to preserve the butte from further environmental damage.</p><br>
<h2>The "A"</h2><br>
<p>Originally, the letter on Tempe Butte was an N, built by Tempe Normal Schools class of 1918. The school changed its name to Tempe State Teachers College in 1925, and the N was adapted into a T. Subsequently, three years later, the school would change its name again to Arizona State Teachers College. It wasnt until 1938 that an “A” first appeared. It was formed from loose rocks and soon after, the fall ritual of whitewashing the "A" began. In 1952, the "A" was dynamited into tiny bits and completely annihilated by vandals. In 1955, when the college was named Arizona State University, a new "A" was built. It remains today. The reinforced steel and poured concrete "A" measures 60 feet from base to top.</p><br>
<p>Due to the existence of an "A Mountain" for the University of Arizona (Sentinel Peak) which predates the "A" on Tempe Butte, students from these rival schools often attempt to paint the others A in their school colors. Guarding the A is an annual ritual in the week leading up to the annual ASU-UA football game, the Territorial Cup. The A has been painted in other colors for various causes, and is painted white at the beginning of each school year, but is usually painted Gold, one of ASUs school colors. Most recently, UA students painted the A blue and white following Arizona&#39;s victory in the 2011 Duel in the Desert. The A has also been painted colors by other schools, such as green by Oregon Ducks fans and purple by Grand Canyon University fans.</p><br>
<p>Hierapolis  was an ancient city located on hot springs in classical Phrygia in southwestern Anatolia. Its ruins are adjacent to modern Pamukkale in Turkey and currently comprise an archaeological museum designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<p>The hot springs have been used as a spa since the 2nd century BC, with many patrons retiring or dying there. The large necropolis is filled with sarcophagi, most famously that of Marcus Aurelius Ammianos, which bears a relief depicting the earliest known example of a crank and rod mechanism.</p><br>
<p>The great baths were constructed with huge stone blocks without the use of cement and consisted of various closed or open sections linked together. There are deep niches in the inner section, including the bath, library, and gymnasium.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hierapolis is located in the Büyük Menderes (the classical Meander) valley adjacent to the modern Turkish cities of Pamukkale and Denizli. It is located in Turkey&#39;s inner Aegean region, which has a temperate climate for most of the year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient Hieropolis</h3><br>
<p>There are only a few historical facts known about the origin of the city. No traces of the presence of Hittites or Persians have been found. The Phrygians built a temple, probably in the first half of the 3rd century BC. This temple, originally used by the citizens of the nearby town of Laodicea, would later form the centre of Hierapolis.</p><br>
<p>Hierapolis was founded as a thermal spa early in the 2nd century BC within the sphere of the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus the Great sent 2,000 Jewish families to Lydia and Phrygia from Babylon and Mesopotamia, later joined by more from Judea. The Jewish congregation grew in Hierapolis and has been estimated as high as 50,000 in 62 BC.</p><br>
<p>The city was expanded with the booty from the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia where Antiochus the Great was defeated by the Roman ally Eumenes II. Following the Treaty of Apamea ending the Syrian War, Eumenes annexed much of Asia Minor, including Hierapolis.</p><br>
<p>Hierapolis became a healing centre where doctors used the thermal springs as a treatment for their patients. The city began minting bronze coins in the 2nd century BC. These coins give the name Hieropolis. It remains unclear whether this name referred to the original temple (ἱερόν, hieron) or honoured Hiera, the wife of Telephus, son of Heracles and the Mysian princess Auge, the supposed founder of Pergamon&#39;s Attalid dynasty. This name eventually changed into Hierapolis ("holy city"), according to the Byzantine geographer Stephanus on account of its large number of temples.</p><br>
<h3>Roman Hierapolis</h3><br>
<p>In 133 BC, when Attalus III died, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Hierapolis thus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In AD 17, during the rule of the emperor Tiberius, a major earthquake destroyed the city.</p><br>
<p>Through the influence of the Christian apostle Paul, a church was founded here while he was at Ephesus. The Christian apostle Philip spent the last years of his life here. The town&#39;s Martyrium was alleged to have been built upon the spot where Philip was crucified in AD 80. His daughters were also said to have acted as prophetesses in the region.</p><br>
<p>In the year 60, during the rule of Nero, an even more severe earthquake left the city completely in ruins. Afterwards, the city was rebuilt in the Roman style with imperial financial support. It was during this period that the city attained its present form. The theatre was built in 129 for a visit by the emperor Hadrian. It was renovated under Septimius Severus (193–211). When Caracalla visited the town in 215, he bestowed the much-coveted title of neocoros upon it, according the city certain privileges and the right of sanctuary. This was the golden age of Hierapolis. Thousands of people came to benefit from the medicinal properties of the hot springs. New building projects were started: two Roman baths, a gymnasium, several temples, a main street with a colonnade, and a fountain at the hot spring. Hierapolis became one of the most prominent cities in the Roman Empire in the fields of the arts, philosophy, and trade. The town grew to 100,000 inhabitants and became wealthy. During his campaign against the Sassanid Shapur II in 370, the emperor Valens made the last-ever imperial visit to the city.</p><br>
<p>During the 4th century, the Christians filled Pluto&#39;s Gate (a ploutonion) with stones, suggesting that Christianity had become the dominant religion and begun displacing other faiths in the area. Originally a see of Phrygia Pacatiana, the Byzantine emperor Justinian raised the bishop of Hierapolis to the rank of metropolitan in 531. The Roman baths were transformed to a Christian basilica. During the Byzantine period, the city continued to flourish and also remained an important centre for Christianity.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval Hierapolis</h3><br>
<p>In the early 7th century, the town was devastated first by Persian armies and then by another destructive earthquake, from which it took a long time to recover.</p><br>
<p>In the 12th century, the area came under the control of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya before falling to crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa and their Byzantine allies in 1190. About thirty years later, the town was abandoned before the Seljuks built a castle in the 13th century. The new settlement was abandoned in the late 14th century. In 1354, the great Thracian earthquake toppled the remains of the ancient city. The ruins were slowly covered with a thick layer of limestone.</p><br>
<h3>Modern excavations</h3><br>
<p>Hierapolis was first excavated by the German archaeologist Carl Humann during June and July 1887. His excavation notes were published in his 1889 book Altertümer von Hierapolis. His excavations were rather general and included a number of drilling holes. He would gain fame for his later discovery of the Pergamon Altar, which was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.</p><br>
<p>After the large white limestone formations of the hot springs became famous again in the 20th century, it was turned into a tourist attraction named "Cotton Castle" (Pamukkale). The ancient city was rediscovered by travellers, but also partially destroyed by new hotels that were built there. These buildings have been removed in recent years; however, the hot water pool of one hotel was retained, and (for a fee) it is possible to swim amongst ancient stone remains.</p><br>
<p>Excavations began in earnest in 1957 when Italian scientists, led by Paolo Verzone, began working on the site. These studies continued into 2008 when a restoration of the site began. Large columns along the main street near the gate named for Domitian were erected again. A number of houses from the Byzantine period were also unearthed, including an 11th-century courtyard house. Many statues and friezes were transported to museums in London, Berlin, and Rome. In 1970, the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum was built on the site of the former Roman baths.</p><br>
<h2>Significant structures</h2><br>
<p>The Hellenistic city was built on a grid with streets running parallel or perpendicular to the main thoroughfare. This main street ran from north to south close to a cliff with the travertine terraces. It was about 1,500 m long and 13.5 m wide and was bordered on both sides by an arcade. At both ends of the main street, there was a monumental gate flanked by square towers built of massive blocks of stone. The side streets were about 3 m wide. Another gate, the Domitian Gate, was close to the northern city gate. This triumphal arch flanked by circular towers consists of three arches and was built by the proconsul Julius Frontinius (84-86).</p><br>
<p>The town was repeatedly rebuilt following major earthquakes and improved prior to various imperial visits to the healing springs. In addition, Septimius Severus had a number of new buildings constructed in Hierapolis in gratitude for his secretary Antipater, a native of Hierapolis who also tutored the emperor&#39;s two sons.</p><br>
<h3>The Main Street and the gates</h3><br>
<h4>Frontinus Gate</h4><br>
<p>This is the monumental entrance to the Roman city and leads onto the large plateia, 14 m wide, which crosses the whole settlement, exiting a gate at the opposite side, to connect with the road that goes to Laodicea on the Lykos and then Colossae. It is worth admiring the well preserved structure with three openings, in carefully squared travertine blocks, with elegant arches decorated with a simple cornice moulding, flanked by two round towers that recall Hellenistic city Gates such as that of the Pamphilian city of Perge, near Antalya.</p><br>
<h4>North Byzantine Gate</h4><br>
<p>The north gate forms part of a fortification system built at Hierapolis in Theodosian times (late 4th century) and is its monumental entrance, matched by a symmetrical gate to the south of the city. Built of reused material from the demolition of the Agora, it is flanked by two square towers, as in other nearby cities such as Blaundus. Four large marble brackets with heads of lions, of panther and of a Gorgon were found collapsed in front of the gate. They are quite expressive and, whilst belonging to antique buildings, were evidently reused as apotropaic elements on the two sides of the gate so as to ward off evil influence.</p><br>
<h3>Theatre</h3><br>
<p>The Theatre was probably constructed under the reign of Hadrian after the earthquake of 60 AD. The facade is 300 ft long, the full extent of which remains standing. In the cavea there are 50 rows of seats divided into 7 parts by 8 intermediate stairways. The diazoma, which divided the cavea into two, was entered by two vaulted passages (the vomitoria). There is an Imperial loge at the middle of the cavea and a 6-foot-high (1.83 m) wall surrounding the orchestra.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of Severus at the beginning of the 3rd century, the old scaenae frons was replaced by a new, more monumental one, organized on three storeys and flanked by two imposing side entry buildings. Sculptural reliefs, displaying mythological subjects, were placed on the different storeys, while dedicatory inscriptions ran along the entablatures. The transformation was outstanding due to the size of the structures, the high quality of workmanship and materials employed.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium was rebuilt as well, substituting the ancient limestone seats with others in marble, and realizing a high podium on the orchestra in order to adapt the building to the organization of venationes and gladiator schools.</p><br>
<p>An earthquake in Hierapolis in the 7th century caused the collapse of the entire building as well as the ultimate abandonment of the city. Since the 18th century, the monument’s striking ruins have become a recurrent theme in European travellers’ descriptions and engravings.</p><br>
<p>Septimius Severus is portrayed in a relief together with his wife Julia Domna, his two sons Caracalla and Geta, and the god Jupiter. In AD 352, the orchestra was probably transformed into an arena for aquatic shows, which had become fashionable. The stage, which is 12 ft high, had 5 doors and 6 niches. In front of these there were 10 marble columns, decorated with alternate rectilinear and curved segments. The wall behind the scene was decorated with three rows of columns one behind another. The columns on the front row do not have grooves and stood on octagonal bases.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium consisted of stacked seating with a capacity of 15,000 and was bisected by the main aisle. It featured an imperial box. The lower part originally had twenty rows and the upper part twenty five, but only thirty rows altogether have survived. The auditorium is segmented into nine aisles by means of eight vertical passageways with steps. The proscenium consisted of two stories with ornately decorated niches to the sides. Several statues, reliefs (including depictions of Apollo, Dionysus, and Diana), and decorative elements have been excavated by the Italian archaeological team and can be seen in the local museum.</p><br>
<p>The theatre has been the object of important restorations between 2004 and 2014.</p><br>
<h3>Temple of Apollo</h3><br>
<p>A temple was raised to Apollo Lairbenos, the town&#39;s principal god during the late Hellenistic period. This Apollo was linked to the ancient Anatolian sun god Lairbenos and the god of oracles Kareios. The site also included temples or shrines to Cybele, Artemis, Pluto, and Poseidon. Now only the foundations of the Hellenistic temple remain. The temple stood within a peribolos (15 by) in Doric style.</p><br>
<p>The structures of the temple are later, though the presence of two Ionic capitals in the Museum (see under Museum), as well as of a Corinthian capital of the 1st century AD and other architectural fragments lead archeologists to suppose the existence of an earlier temple on the site.</p><br>
<p>The temple, which has a marble staircase, lies within a sacred area, about 70 m long. It was surrounded by an enclosure wall (temenos). The back of the temple was built against the hill, the peribolos was surrounded on the remaining southern, western and northern sides, by a marble portico which has been partially excavated. This portico has pilasters bearing fluted Doric semi-columns supporting capitals that are decorated below with a row of astragali and beads and which, on the decorated below with a row of astragali and beads and which, on the echinus, bear a series of ovolos.</p><br>
<p>The new temple was reconstructed in the 3rd century in Roman fashion, recycling the stone blocks from the older temple. The reconstruction had a smaller area and now only its marble floor remains.</p><br>
<p>The temple of Apollo was deliberately built over an active fault. This fault was called the Plutonium. It was the oldest religious centre of the native community, the place where Apollo met with Cibele. It was said that only the priest of the Great Mother could enter the cave without being overpowered by the noxious underground fumes.</p><br>
<p>Temples dedicated to Apollo were often built over geologically active sites, including his most famous, the temple at Delphi.</p><br>
<p>When the Christian faith was granted official primacy in the 4th century, this temple underwent a number of desecrations. Part of the peribolos was also dismantled to make room for a large Nympheum.</p><br>
<h3>Plutonium</h3><br>
<p>Next to this temple and within the sacred area is the oldest local sanctuary, Pluto&#39;s Gate, a ploutonion (Πλουτωνειον) or plutonium, which here means a shrine to the Greek god Pluto. This plutonium was described by several ancient writers, including Strabo, Cassius Dio, and Damascius. It is a small cave just large enough for one person to enter through a fenced entrance, beyond which stairs go down and from which emerges suffocating carbon dioxide gas caused by subterranean geologic activity. Behind the 3 m&sup2; roofed chamber is a deep cleft in the rock, through which fast-flowing hot water passes while releasing a sharp-smelling gas.</p><br>
<p>During the early years of the town, castrated priests of Cybele descended into the plutonium, crawling over the floor to pockets of oxygen or holding their breath. Carbon dioxide is heavier than air and so tends to settle in hollows. The priests would then come up to show that they were miraculously immune to the gas and infused with divine protection.</p><br>
<p>An enclosed area of 2,000 m&sup2; stood in front of the entrance. It was covered by a thick layer of suffocating gas, killing anyone who dared to enter it. The priests sold birds and other animals to the visitors, so that they could try out how deadly this enclosed area was. Visitors could (for a fee) ask questions of Pluto&#39;s oracle. This provided a considerable source of income for the temple. The entrance to the plutonium was walled off during the Christian times and has just been recently unearthed.</p><br>
<h3>Nymphaeum</h3><br>
<p>The Nymphaeum is located inside the sacred area in front of the Apollo temple. It dates from the 2nd century AD. It was a shrine of the nymphs, a monumental fountain distributing water to the houses of the city via an ingenious network of pipes. The Nymphaeum was repaired in the 5th century during the Byzantine era. A retaining wall was built with elements from the peribolos of the Apollonian temple. By doing so, the early Christians cut off the view of the pagan temple. The Byzantine gate was constructed in the 6th century. Now only the back wall and the two side walls remain. The walls and the niches in the walls were decorated with statues. The Italian archaeological team has excavated two statues of priestesses, which are now on display at the local museum.</p><br>
<p>The Nymphaeum has a U-shaped plan and sits on the continuation of the main colonnaded road. The stone pavement columns and other architectural remains mark a great part of the colonnaded road which ran through the city in a north-south direction. It has statues and shops around it, underneath which passed canals. The road had a base covered with stone blocks, now under the pool of the Private Administration. There are two huge doors which were constructed at the end of the 1st century AD and left outside the city walls.</p><br>
<h3>Necropolis</h3><br>
<p>Beyond the city walls and meadow, following the main colonnaded road and passing the outer baths (thermae extra muros), an extensive necropolis extends for over 2 km on both sides of the old road to Phrygian Tripolis and Sardis. The other goes south from Laodikya to Closae. The necropolis extends from the northern to the eastern and southern sections of the old city. Most of the tombs have been excavated. This necropolis is one of the best preserved in Turkey. Most of about the 1,200 tombs were constructed with local varieties of limestone, though marble has been used, as well.</p><br>
<p>Most tombs date from the late Hellenic period, but there are also a considerable number from the Roman and early Christian periods. People who came for medical treatment to Hierapolis in ancient times and the native people of the city buried their dead in tombs of several types according to their traditions and socio-economic status.</p><br>
<p>The tombs and funeral monuments can be divided into four types:</p><br>
<p>Simple graves for common people</p><br>
<p>Sarcophagi, some raised on a substructure and others hollowed out from the rock. Many are covered with a double-pitched roof. Most are constructed in marble and are decorated with reliefs and epitaphs showing the names and professions of the deceased and extolling their good deeds. These epitaphs have revealed much about the population. Most, however, have been plundered over the years.</p><br>
<p>Circular tumuli, sometimes hard to discern. These mounds each have a narrow passageway leading to a vaulted chamber inside.</p><br>
<p>Larger family graves, sometimes monumental and resembling small temples.</p><br>
<h4>Northern Necropolis</h4><br>
<p>The monuments are situated in the large area, together with many travertine lahids, inscribed with Soros suffixes written in Greek (some over 2,000 years old) generally in the epigraphs on lahids.</p><br>
<p>There are many architectural grave monuments in Hierapolis and they show different architectural techniques. The oldest graves are of the Hellenistic Period (1st and 2nd centuries BC), and are Tumulus graves, which are located on the east side of the foothill. The stone is cut properly limited to the drum cylinder which bonds the top of the burial chamber. The grave room is accessible from the corridor dramos.</p><br>
<p>These tombs belonged to rich families. Poor families tombs were carved into the rock and are simple. On the north side of the city, the graves made as the 2nd and the 3rd, are generally surrounded by walls and they have gardens decorated with flowers and trees (especially cypress). Grave monuments which are completely made of travertine, show different types; like simple lahids, and home kind graves which has two or more lahids on it. On the sarcophagus that holds the lahid, there is an inscription written in Greek (bomas, "altar"). "Bomas" was used as symbol which stresses that with the connection of a dead body of a person in high position, his or her remembrance will be exalted. These monuments have the same functions with heroon. (The grave monuments made for celebrating are for the heroes and important persons’ who are believed to become gods after they die.)</p><br>
<h4>=Sawmill=</h4><br>
<p>A raised relief on the Sarcophagus of a certain Marcus Aurelius Ammianos, a local miller, depicts the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod. On the pediment a waterwheel fed by a mill race is shown powering via a gear train two frame saws cutting rectangular blocks by the way of connecting rods and, through mechanical necessity, cranks (see diagram). The accompanying inscription is in Greek.</p><br>
<p>In June 2014 the sarcophagus was stored at the Hierapolis Museum and not displayed.</p><br>
<h4>Southern Necropolis</h4><br>
<p>On the right side, fascinating signs of the earthquake can be seen. Large travertine area is completely demolished. The rectangle and hallow graves, which may be simpler and older than the necropolis, attracts attention. While digging, experts in Denizli Museum, found a grave with long inscriptions. Close to it, Epigraphic marble blocks had been founded which are dated to the Early Hellenistic Period.</p><br>
<p>On the North side of the area, digging works are going on. On the hillside, Byzantine ramparts, on the grave builds, marble lahids had been founded. This lahids are staying on a stone base. The roof that built with cob brick is covered with tiles. This was a new style in this period, and inside the grave it is decorated with coloured wall paintings.</p><br>
<p>On the way to Laodikeia and Colossae is another grave related to the Necropolis. This is the grave of Tiberius Cladius Talamos, whose name was written in the long epigraph, and it attracts attention due to the resemblance of its facade to a home.</p><br>
<h3>Martyrium</h3><br>
<p>The St. Philip Martyrium stands on top of the hill outside the northeastern section of the city walls. It dates from the 5th century. It was said that Philip was buried in the center of the building and, though his tomb has recently been unearthed, the exact location has not yet been verified. The Martyrium burned down at the end of the 5th or early 6th century, as attested by fire marks on the columns. Philip is said to have been martyred in Hierapolis by being crucified upside-down or by being hung upside down by his ankles from a tree.</p><br>
<p>The martyrium is usually taken to have been named after the Christian apostle Philip but from early times there has been some dispute as to the actual identity of "Philip of Hierapolis". This confusion started with a report by Polycrates of Ephesus in his Eusebius&#39;s Ecclesiastical History and in his controversial letter written to Victor of Rome towards the end of the 2nd century. In the letter, he reports that the graves of Philip "of the twelve apostles", and of his two aged virgin daughters were in (the Phrygian) Hierapolis; a third daughter, "who had lived in the Holy Ghost", was buried at Ephesus. With this may be compared the testimony of Clement of Alexandria, who incidentally speaks of "Philip the Apostle" as having begotten children and as having given daughters in marriage.</p><br>
<p>On the other hand, Proclus, one of the interlocutors in the "Dialogue of Caius", a writing of somewhat later date than the letter of Polycrates, mentions "four prophetesses, the daughters of Philip at Hierapolis in Asia, whose tomb and that of their father are to be seen there", where the mention of the daughters prophesying identifies the person meant with the Philip of Acts. Early traditions say this Philip was martyred by hanging in Phrygia. and was also known as "Philip the Apostle".</p><br>
<p>The reasons for setting aside the evangelist identification, and for holding that the Philip who lived at Hierapolis was the Apostle are stated by Lightfoot, Colossians (2). Fresh confirmation of his view was afforded by the discovery of an inscription at Hierapolis, showing that the church there was dedicated to the memory "of the holy and glorious apostle and theologian Philip."Early traditions say this Philip was martyred by hanging in Phrygia. and was also known as "Philip the Apostle".</p><br>
<p>The martyrium had a special design, probably executed by an architect of a Byzantine emperor. It has a central octagonal structure with a diameter of 20 m under a wooden dome which is covered with lead tiles. This is surrounded with eight rectangular rooms, each accessible via three arches. Four were used as entrances to the church, the other four as chapels. The space between the eight rooms was filled with heptagonal chapels with a triangular apse. The dome above the apse was decorated with mosaics. The whole structure was surrounded by an arcade with marble columns. All the walls were covered with marble panels.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, it was announced that Philip&#39;s gravesite may have been discovered about 40 m from the Martyrium.</p><br>
<h3>Antique Pool</h3><br>
<p>Especially in The Roman Empire period, Hierapolis and its site were a health center. In those years, thousands of people used to come to the baths, of which there are more than 15, and they found their remedy in those baths. Today&#39;s Antique Pool was shaped by the earthquake which happened in the 7th century AD. The marble portico with Ionic arrangement fell into the spring during that earthquake.</p><br>
<h3>Cleopatra's Pool</h3><br>
<p>The water in the thermal pool is 36-57 °C, pH value is 5.8 and radon value is 1480 pCi/l. The spa water contains bicarbonate, sulphate and carbon dioxide, as well as iron and radioactive combination. The water in this spring is suitable for taking showers and drinking cures, 2430 MG/liter melt metal value.</p><br>
<h3>The Baths</h3><br>
<p>Another set of baths was constructed outside the north gate at the beginning of the 3rd century AD. This building was converted into a church in the early Christian era (th century). It is apparent that the building had stuccoed, vaulted ceilings and that the halls were decorated with marble slabs.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Roman Bath, one of the biggest buildings of Hierapolis antique city, has been used as the site of the Hierapolis Archaeology Museum since 1984.</p><br>
<p>In this museum, alongside the historical artifacts which were found in Hierapolis, there are some artifacts from Laodiceia, Colossae, Tripolis, Attuda and other towns of the Lycos (Çürüksu) valley. In addition to these, the museum has a large section devoted to artifacts found at Beycesultan Hüyük and which includes some of the most beautiful examples of Bronze Age craft.</p><br>
<p>Artifacts which have come from the Caria, Pisidia and Lydia regions are also on display in this museum. The museum&#39;s exhibition space consists of three closed areas of the Hierapolis Bath and open areas in the eastern side, which are known to have been used as the library and the gymnasium. The artifacts in the open exhibition space are mostly marble and stone.</p><br>
<h3>Tombs and Statues Gallery</h3><br>
<p>This room contains finds from the excavations in Hierepolis and Laodiceia, including sarcophagi, statues, gravestones, pedestals, pillars and inscriptions. Among these artifacts there are statues of Tyche, Dionysus, Pan, Asklepios, Isis, Demeter and Trion which, although executed by the Romans, were inspired by the Hellenistic tradition. The representations of local customs on family tombs are particularly interesting.</p><br>
<p>The most beautiful examples of baked earth sarcophagi are specific to this area. One of the most valuable works of art in this room is the sarcophagus belonging to a certain Arhom, of the Sidemare type. On it is an inscription to Maximilian, and it is the finest work to emerge from the ancient towns of Lahdi and Laodicia.</p><br>
<h3>Small Artifacts Gallery</h3><br>
<p>In this room, there are small findings from several civilizations of the last 4,000 years. These works, which are displayed in chronological order include works from many archaeological sites in and around Denizli. A special importance is given to the findings from Beycesultan Höyük. These discoveries are an example of an ancient civilization. These works, which were found in the excavation conducted by the British Institute of Archaeology include idols, baked earth bowls, libation cups, seals and other stone artifacts. In other parts of the room are displayed objects from the Frigan, Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine period such as glass cups, necklaces, gemstones (in the form of rings, bracelets, earrings and so on) and earthenware lamps. This room also contains an important sequence of ancient coins arranged in chronological order. The earliest of these coins were minted in the 6th century AD and the display proceeds through the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Selçuk and Ottoman periods with coins of gold, silver and bronze.</p><br>
<h3>Theater's Ruins Gallery</h3><br>
<p>In this room, decorative works from the theater of Hierapolis, most of which have been restored, are displayed. Some of the reliefs of the scenery building remain in site but parts of them have been replaced by copies. In the works that are found in the room there are reliefs devoted to the myth of Apollo and Artemis, the delights of Dionysos and the coronotion of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. There are depictions of the abduction of Persephone by Hades, Apollo, Leto, Artemis, and Hades and sculpted sphinxes. Sculpted relief reminiscent of Attalus and Eumenes are on display. Inscriptions describing the coronation of the goddess Hierapolis and decisions of the assembly concerning the theater may be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Epictetus</p><br>
<p>Ujazdów Castle  is a castle in the historic Ujazdów district, between Ujazdów Park  and the Royal Baths Park , in Warsaw, Poland.</p><br>
<p>Its beginnings date to the 13th century, and it was rebuilt several times. Like many structures in Warsaw, it sustained much damage in the Warsaw Uprising (1944). Reconstructed 30 years later (1974), it now houses Warsaw&#39;s Center for Contemporary Art.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first castle on the spot was erected by the Dukes of Masovia as early as the 13th century. However, in the following century their court was moved to the future Royal Castle in Warsaw, and the Ujazdów Castle fell into neglect. In the 16th century, a wooden manor was built there for Queen Bona Sforza.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of the castle of the Mazovian princes were then incorporated into a new fortified manor built by King Sigismund III Vasa for his son, future King Władysław IV Vasa. However, there is little evidence that the residence was ever used by the young prince, who spent much of his youth either at his father&#39;s court. Between 1659 and 1665, the building housed the mint of Titus Livius Boratini, who there struck his famous boratynka, a type of copper coin.</p><br>
<p>Again neglected, in 1674 the castle was bought by Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski and then rented to King Augustus II, who ordered the construction there of a new royal residence. The castle, incorporating much of the earlier constructions on the site, was built by Tylman of Gameren, a notable 17th-century architect and engineer. The gardens surrounding the castle, later divided into two separate parks, were refurbished. About that time the Łazienki Eremity and Łazienki Palace were built.</p><br>
<p>The castles design was further modified by King Stanisław II August, who in 1764 commissioned Jakub Fontana, Dominik Merlini, Jean-Baptiste Pillement and Efraim Schroeger to refurbish it. The eastern and western façades were made taller by the addition of a second floor, while the post-Gameren outbuildings were also rebuilt to the height of the main building, thus creating a large courtyard. About that time, the castle was also included in the so-called Stanislavian Axis, a line of parks and palaces planned in the southern outskirts of Warsaw much like the Saxon Axis in the city center. The palaces reconstruction was almost complete by 1784, when work was abandoned and the building donated to the Polish Army.</p><br>
<p>Consequently, between 1784 and 1789 the castle was yet again rebuilt, this time by Stanisław Zawadzki, who converted it into military barracks. The outbuildings were enlarged substantially. Since that time the building housed the Lithuanian Foot Guard Regiment and the 10th Foot Regiment. During the Kościuszko&#39;s Uprising the castle was the main centre of conscription for the 20th Foot Regiment. After the Partitions of Poland, during the Prussian occupation of Warsaw, the building was abandoned. After the proclamation of the Duchy of Warsaw it was again restored to the army and was converted into a military hospital. However, the plans of converting it to the Central Military Hospital of the Polish Army were postponed by the Congress of Vienna which awarded the Congress Poland to Russia. On April 1, 1818 the hospital was officially opened. It had places for up to 1000 wounded soldiers. After the outbreak of the November Uprising the hospital was enlarged to 1250 beds and an additional annex with places for 600 was opened in the nearby Łazienki complex.</p><br>
<p>After the fall of the uprising, the Russian garrison of Warsaw was significantly strengthened, while the Polish military units were disbanded. A new central military hospital was built next to what became the Park Ujazdowski and the castle became more of a barrack for the Russian military personnel. Around 1850 the outbuildings were again rebuilt by Jerzy Karol Völck, but were partially demolished 20 years afterwards. After the outbreak of World War I the building was again converted to a provisional hospital by the Russians. Captured by the German army in 1915, on April 10, 1917 it was transferred to the Polish Legions and became the main military hospital for Polish units fighting alongside the Central Powers (the more modern Ujazdów hospital located nearby remained a German-only hospital).</p><br>
<p>After Poland regained her independence in 1918, the internal design of the castle was yet again modified. Since the 1920s it housed several parts of the Warsaw NCO school. The main staircase was restored to its 18th-century representative design. An interesting feature of the staircase was a set of stone tablets placed there May 15, 1927, commemorating the names of all known Polish military medics who perished in wars between 1797 and 1920. Additional tablets commemorated Karol Kaczkowski, Zdzisław Lubaszewski and a sculpture by Edward Wittig commemorating all military medics. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the Red Cross organized a school for WIA soldiers. The castle was burnt out and damaged by the Germans following the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.</p><br>
<p>After the war the building was to be rebuilt as the Central Military House. However, the works did not start as the walls of the castle were demolished by the Communist authorities of Poland. In 1975, however, the works on reconstruction of the castle to its 18th-century design were given a green light, and the project by Piotr Biegański was chosen.</p><br>
<h2>Centre for Contemporary Art</h2><br>
<p>The Castle currently houses the Centre for Contemporary Art, with its collections and temporary exhibitions, concerts, and educational workshops. The Centre has organized over 600 exhibitions since 1990. Since 2010 the Centre&#39;s director is an Italian, Fabio Cavallucci.</p><br>
<p>Alton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Alton, in Madison County, Illinois. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses only half an acre plot of land, and as of the end of 2005, had 522 interments. It is maintained by the Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery, in St. Louis, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally a military section of the Alton City Cemetery, and in use since 1870, the half acre lot was donated to the federal government in 1940. It was intended that the remains buried in the cemetery be moved to the Springfield National Cemetery, but public protest prevented it. It is the resting place of many Civil War Union soldiers.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, Alton announced the first of what is hoped to be an annual Memorial Day Sunset Ceremony at the cemetery that will include speeches by local elected officials, a performance by the Scott Air Force Base band, Pipes and Drums, and a VFW 21-gun salute. This event is well-attended and has continued to the present day.</p><br>
<p>Karymsky  is an active stratovolcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. It is the most active volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula, as well as the most active volcano of Kamchatka&#39;s eastern volcanic zone.</p><br>
<p>It is named after the Karyms, an ethnic group in Russia.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Karymsky is a symmetrical stratovolcano rising within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed during the early Holocene. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been vulcanian or vulcanian-strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. There is currently an ongoing non-stop eruption occurring, and is the peninsula&#39;s most reliable volcano, which has been erupting continuously since 1996.</p><br>
<h3>Eruptions</h3><br>
<p>Past eruption dates are: 1771, 1830, 1852, 1854, 1908, 1911, 1912, 1915, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1929, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1940, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1960, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1990, 1993, 1996, 2004 to 2017 (present).</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Creek is the name of a creek which flows through the city of Berkeley, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The creek acquired its name from a school which was sited adjacent to it, the Ocean View School (the first school in today&#39;s Berkeley, established 1856 on land donated by José Domingo Peralta). The school was later replaced by the San Pablo Avenue School and still later, the Franklin Elementary School. In 2003, Franklin was closed, and in 2004, the moved into its remodeled buildings. On this site at the corner of Curtis and Virginia Streets, a small park created by citizen volunteers, the Schoolhouse Creek Common, was opened on May 13, 2006.</p><br>
<p>Schoolhouse Creek rises in the Berkeley Hills from a number of small springs just south of Codornices Creek and north of Cedar Street. Its principal tributary, Lincoln Creek begins in the hills at the top of Virginia Street. Schoolhouse and Lincoln have their confluence in the vicinity of McGee and Cedar Streets on the flatlands below the hills. From there the creek runs southwest between Virginia and Cedar Streets. Throughout most of its upper and middle courses, the creek is culverted. It emerges for part of the block between Sacramento and Acton Streets, above Chestnut Street, and again at Curtis Street. Where it crosses the old right-of-way of the Santa Fe railroad, now a pedestrian-bicycle trail, a massive buried concrete abutment and culvert hide the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>Originally, the creek flowed into the south end of a large, northward-flowing salt marsh and slough that also carried waters of Codornices and Marin Creeks to San Francisco Bay. West of this marsh, low dunes and a crescent of sandy beach curved northwest to Fleming Point. But the marsh was filled, the creek was channeled into a pipe that also carried sewage to the Bay, and the shoreline was extended westward with Berkeley&#39;s garbage.</p><br>
<p>East Bay Municipal District intercepted the sewage in the late 1940s, but the creek still flows in the pipe just north of and parallel to Virginia Street, reaching San Francisco Bay in the squared off "North Basin" that was destined to be filled by more garbage, before citizen effort halted Bay fill in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>This shoreline is now part of Eastshore State Park, managed by East Bay Regional Park District. The long-term plan for the park contemplates daylighting the creek here to create a small salt marsh that would also lessen flood danger in West Berkeley. Friends of Five Creeks, a volunteer group, does maintenance and revegetation work in this area.</p><br>
<p>Springfield National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Springfield, in Greene County, Missouri. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 18.1 acre, and as of the end of 2005, had 14,685 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1867 as a place to inter only Civil War Confederate soldiers, many of whom died at the Battle of Wilson&#39;s Creek. It has since been expanded and opened to all veterans. Springfield National Cemetery now has the interred remains of soldiers from wars dating back to the Revolutionary War. The cemetery lends its name to National Avenue in Springfield, which formerly passed by the cemetery prior to the southern expansion of the city decades ago.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>A marble pillar dedicated to Union General Nathaniel Lyon in 1888.</p><br>
<p>A bronze sculpture dedicated to Confederate General Sterling Price in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Wilson&#39;s Creek Memorial.</p><br>
<p>A monument dedicated to Pearl Harbor survivors, erected in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution Memorial, dedicated to the Continental Army soldiers who died in the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Medal of Honor recipients</p><br>
<p>Sergeant Harrison Collins, for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Corporal Orion P. Howe, for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Pharmacist’s Mate Chief Petty Officer Fred H. McGuire, for action in the Philippine-American War</p><br>
<p>Captain Patrick Pentzer, for action in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>Pharmacist’s Mate Third Class Jack Williams, for action in World War II</p><br>
<p>Others</p><br>
<p>Richard Hanson Weightman (1816–1861), Delegate to the United States Congress from New Mexico Territory and Civil War Confederate officer</p><br>
<p>Horton Smith (1908–1963), World War II US Army Air Corps captain and professional golfer</p><br>
<p>Various Buffalo Soldiers</p><br>
<p>Thomas Huey Farm is a registered historic place in Big Bone, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It is a Gothic Revival house, built in 1865, according to family history. It is a -story brick structure with a three-bay facade. It incorporates a central entrance with side-lights, and a transom window with Italianate brackets. It has been called the "Old Brick" from time immemorial. The brick house behind the building has long been called the "slave quarters", and Thomas Huey owned half a dozen slaves; however none of them ever lived here, as the house was built after the war was over. It was placed on the National Register in 2000.</p><br>
<p>According to family legend Mr. Huey, who was born at Big Bone, in 1805, buried his money, all gold and silver, in a great chest before the war. He dug it up after the war and used the money to build the house. Burying money is a very common story, though it is common because so many people actually did it; in this case it may or may not have actually been so, but there can be little doubt that many people probably did bury their money before or during the war with so many rascally Yankees about.</p><br>
<p>A great-granddaughter purchased the house in the 1930s and lived there for years. She (and many of the other members of the family) claimed the house to be haunted. She engaged in lengthy on-again-off-again shooting duel with her sister, who lived across the road, and it is possible the family ghosts left during her tenure. According to this occupant, she could "hear grandma chasing great-grandma through the attic at night." This is supposed to have been the result of the two women being frozen to death in the attic by a wicked in-law. It is unusual, according to Kentucky historian (and "ghostwriter") Professor Lynwood Montell, but not unheard of, for two ghosts to reside in the same Kentucky house.</p><br>
<p>People who have moved into the area not knowing the old story have told me that from observation they believe the house is haunted. They were very interested, of course, to hear confirmation of a conclusion they had arrived at independently.</p><br>
<p>Korzhenevskaya Peak is the third highest peak in the Pamir Mountains of Tajikistan. It is one of the five "Snow Leopard Peaks" in the territory of the former Soviet Union. It is named after Evgenia Korzhenevskaya, the wife of Russian</p><br>
<p>geographer Nikolai L. Korzhenevskiy, who discovered the peak in August 1910.</p><br>
<p>Due to transliteration and declension issues the peak&#39;s name is rendered in many different ways, including Korzhenevski, Korzhenevskoi, and Korzhenievsky.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>lies about 13 km north of Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly Communism Peak), the highest point of the Pamirs. It forms the end of the northwest fork of the Academy of Sciences Range, the north-south trending subrange which forms the core of the Pamirs. It rises on the south bank of the Muksu River, and to the west of the peak is the Fortambek Glacier. While most of the Academy of Sciences Range is in Tajikistan&#39;s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province (GBAO), Korzhenevskaya is located a little to the west of the GBAO line, in Jirgatol district (Region of Republican Subordination).</p><br>
<h2>Notable features</h2><br>
<p>Korzhenevskaya is one of the five 7,000 m peaks of the former Soviet Union (this counts Khan Tengri, which is more often given as 6,995 m) that were required for a climber to be awarded the Snow Leopard award, the highest honor given to Soviet mountaineers. It is usually said to be the second easiest of these peaks to climb, after Lenin Peak. However it is not a small mountain; its rise above local terrain rivals that of Ismoil Somoni Peak, since it is closer to the deep valley of the Muksu River.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>In 1937 D. Gushchin led an attempt on the peak which reached the lower summit (6,910 m).</p><br>
<p>Korzhenevskaya was first climbed in 1953 by a party led by A. Ugarov; the summit team comprised Ugarov, B. Dimitriev, A. Goziev, A. Kovyrkov, L. Krasavin, E. Ryspajev, R. Sielidzanov, and</p><br>
<p>P. Skorobogatov. They approached via the Fortambek Glacier, to the Korzhenevsky glacier, and</p><br>
<p>thence to the north ridge.</p><br>
<p>Partly since it is required for the Snow Leopard award, Korzhenevskaya has been climbed many times; it is the second most frequented major peak in the Pamirs, after Lenin Peak. A base camp on the moraine of the Moskvin Glacier, and helicopter access, make this possible. Korzhenevskaya has been climbed from almost every direction, including a first winter ascent in 1987 by Anatoly Nosov; most of these ascents were by Russians. The most common current route on the mountain ascends from the south and attains the summit ridge from the west side.</p><br>
<p>Culpeper National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the town of Culpeper, in Culpeper County, Virginia. Administered by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, it encompasses 29.6 acre of land, and as 2014, had over 11,000 interments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the territory around the city of Culpeper was defended vigorously by both sides, as it was a strategic point almost exactly between Washington D.C. and the capital of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. Numerous battles took place in the region, including the Battle of Cedar Mountain and the Battle of Chancellorsville. The dead from those conflicts were buried nearby in makeshift grave sites. After the war a reburial program was initiated, and in 1867, Culpeper National Cemetery was established to reinter many of the remains from the makeshift sites.</p><br>
<p>The original cemetery comprised 6 acre, bought from Edward B. Hill of Culpeper for $1,400. The original Second Empire Victorian caretakers lodge was built in 1872 and was designed by Montgomery C. Meigs. Many improvements to the grounds and facilities at the cemetery were made during the 1930s as part of the New Deal. These make-work improvements included replacing the original 1870s tool house at the cost of $8,000 in 1934, raising and realigning 912 headstones in May 1934, by the Civil Works Administration, and realignment and re-setting 402 headstones in 1936 though a Works Project Administration project.</p><br>
<p>Having operated without any major improvements since the 1930s, the cemetery was closed to new interments on November 17, 1972. On September 1, 1973, administration of the cemetery was transferred from the USA Army to the Veterans Administration’s new National Cemetery System created by the National Cemetery Act of 1973. In 1975 another 10.5 acre was donated by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Burton-Hammond Post 2524, and in 2001 another plot of 12.3 acre was purchased, which has been developed for future interments. The cemetery was reopened to interments on January 16, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Culpeper National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is included in the South East Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Notable monuments</h2><br>
<p>The states of Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania have erected markers dedicated to regiments from those states who had members die in the Battle of Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Maine monument is of granite construction and is dedicated to the 22 officers and soldiers from the 10th Maine Volunteer Infantry who died at Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Massachusetts monument was erected by members of the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry in 1893.</p><br>
<p>The New York monument was erected in 1902 to honor the members of the 28th New York Volunteer Infantry, 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 12th Corps, Army Corps of the Potomac who died at Cedar Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Ohio monument is of granite and bronze construction and was erected by the 7th Ohio Regimental Association.</p><br>
<p>The Pennsylvania monument was erected in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The Armed Forces Monument was erected November 1992 and was sponsored by the American Legion Post 330 and Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 2524. The monument was officially dedicated May 28, 2001.</p><br>
<p>A memorial to all of the Unknown burials from the Civil War was erected in 1988 by the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Burton-Hammond Post 2524.</p><br>
<p>The seven and a half feet tall National Military Cemetery monument constructed from a cast iron seacoast artillery tube.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Church and Mount St. Joseph Convent Complex is a Roman Catholic religious and educational complex on Convent and Meadow Streets in Rutland, Vermont. The complex includes a church, rectory, two schools, a convent, and an elderly housing building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built largely through the efforts of Irish American stone workers from 1869 to 1873 from stone quarried from the site of the church, St. Peters is the largest and oldest (the "mother parish") of three Roman Catholic parish churches in the city of Rutland. The church was designed by the noted 19th-century ecclesiastical architect Patrick Charles Keeley of Brooklyn, New York, and is noted for its rugged exterior walls, lofty interior, and excellent stained glass. The church is 150 feet in length, 71 feet wide, and can seat over 880 people. Major renovations have taken place in 1950 under the direction of Rev. Robert Joyce, 1973 under the direction of Msgr. Thomas Connor, and 2000–2004 under the direction of Rev. W. Andre Houle. Buried under a large monument next to the church tower is Fr. Charles Boylan, the priest responsible for the construction of the church, and the former Sisters of Saint Joseph Convent directly across convent avenue. St. Peters Parish is closely associated with Mount St. Joseph Academy, as well as the St. Joseph Home and the Loretto Home. It is within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington. St. Peter Parish is currently administered by priests from the Capuchin Franciscan Province of Saint Mary.</p><br>
<p>Anderson Creek is a 23.6 mi tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The upstream portion of the Anderson Creek Watershed is a PA DCNR Conservation Area, and falls from Rockton Mountain, the highest mountain east of the Mississippi River on Interstate I-80 in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Anderson Creek is classified as a Class II-III+ whitewater stream and defines the Eastern Continental Divide. Brown Springs, in the Moshannon State Forest, near Rockton, Pennsylvania, is a put-in for kayaking to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The vertical drop of Anderson Creek is 1450 ft. to 1175 ft. "Anderson is a stream of considerable size, and in a region not so well supplied with raftable waters as this, might be well classed among rivers."</p><br>
<h2>Great Shamokin Path</h2><br>
<p>The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The path ascended the steep Anderson Creek Gorge several miles, then it turned west at what is now known as Chestnut Grove, Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, and then on to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Brady Township, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h3>Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric Site</h3><br>
<p>The Anderson Creek corridor is the location of the Bilger&#39;s Rocks prehistoric McFate Culture site. During the latter portion of the Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1000–1580) groups belonging to the McFate culture inhabited portions of along the Allegheny Front in north central Pennsylvania. The site is in Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, near the town of Grampian, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Bilger’s Rocks Association owns and cares for the 175-acre tract and conducts educational programs for visitors. McFate sites have been located in Clearfield and Elk counties. A McFate site near Du Bois, Pennsylvania, the Hickory Kingdom "Kalgren site", was a stockaded fort on a projecting point of the Eastern Continental Divide and close to trail systems.</p><br>
<h3>Early native peoples</h3><br>
<p>Artifacts from the Curwensville, Pennsylvania, area demonstrate that various groups of Native Americans occupied the confluence of Anderson Creek and West Susquehanna Branch over a 10,000-year period. From AD 1000 to AD 1600, at least half a dozen groups lived in the vicinity of the Anderson Creek; the Clemson Island, Owasco, Shenks Ferry, Monongahela, and McFate or Black Minquas who were the last tribal entity to occupy the corridor. The Senecas from northern Pennsylvania wiped them out about 1650.</p><br>
<h3>The French and Indian War</h3><br>
<p>During the French and Indian War in 1757–1758, several hundred French and Indian troops traveled the Great Shamokin Path in an effort to destroy Fort Augusta, the main stronghold of the English at the junction of the east and west branches of the Susquehanna River. This army was gathered from the French posts at Duquesne, Kittanning, Venango and Le Boeuf and assembled at the mouth of Anderson Creek. Here, crude boats, rafts and bateau were constructed for passage down the Susquehanna River for the proposed attack. They dragged along with them two small brass cannon, but after reconnoitering found the distance too great for the guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort. The defense at Fort Augusta was strong enough to resist attack by storming or by siege, and the attack was abandoned. A British defeat at Fort Augusta could have altered the history of the course of the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<h3>Moravian expeditions</h3><br>
<p>The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The Anderson Creek area was known by Native Americans as "the place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side". Native Americans recognized that Anderson Creek was the boundary between two river systems, the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River. For several decades in the early 18th century, the villages of Shamokin and Kittanning were two of the most important Native American villages in Pennsylvania. Perhaps the path&#39;s best known use was by Moravian Bishop John Ettwein and his group of some 200 Lenape and Mohican Christians in 1772. They traveled west along the path from their village of Friedenshütten (Cabins of Peace) near modern Wyalusing on the North Branch Susquehanna River to their new village of Friedensstadt on the Beaver River in southwestern Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The private travel diary of the Rev. Johann Roth, a Moravian Church missionary among the Indians in the American East, describes his journey along the Anderson Creek corridor in the summer of 1772. In this account of his day-by-day progress, the Rev. Roth mentions a number of Delaware (or Lenni Lenape) Indian names for Pennsylvania. Roth mentions a night camp in a region which the Indians called "Wachtschunglelawi awossijaje." These are really three words, Wachtschiink leldwi awossijaje: wachtsch, a hill, mountain; -iink, locative suffix, place where; leldwi, halfway, in the middle; awossijaje, over, over there, beyond, on the other side, behind. This makes the three words signify, place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side; or, rather, where there is a mountain halfway between the one side and the other. That is, a divide between two river systems; in this case, between the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River.</p><br>
<h3>The Mead brothers and French Creek</h3><br>
<p>In his report to Governor Robert Dinwiddie, George Washington made reference to a beautiful rolling country, suitable for settlement, that he had found along the waters of French Creek. In 1788, brothers John and David Mead were ready to investigate Washington&#39;s story, and left Fort Augusta, now Sunbury, Pennsylvania, to explore the far west. They journeyed up mouth of Anderson Creek and turned at Coal Hill towards camp site and crossroads at The Big Spring. From there, they continued northwest on the Goschgoschink Path to the Venango Path and the waters of French Creek. On May 12, 1788, the Mead brothers founded Meadville, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Cussewago Creek and French Creek.</p><br>
<h3>War of 1812</h3><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, Major William McClelland departed Fort Loudoun, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on March 4, 1814 and marched a division of troops numbering two hundred and twenty-one privates, three captains. five lieutenants and two ensigns along Anderson Creek to meet the Goschgoschink Path, later known as Meads Path, at The Big Spring, Brady Township, Pennsylvania. These soldiers with their wagon train of equipment and cannon camped at Thunderbird Spring (Old State Road), just east of Kiwanis Trail, and near the Jefferson–Clearfield County Line. The march from Fort Loudoun to Erie took twenty-eight days. Major William McClellands division relieved American forces at Lake Erie and later gave a good account of themselves at the Battle of Chippewa and Battle of Lundy’s Lane.</p><br>
<h2>Underground Railroad</h2><br>
<p>The various paths, river routes and safe waypoints that escaped slaves and their guides used in their journey northwards towards freedom are collectively known as the Underground Railroad. In western Pennsylvania, routes began at the Maryland–Pennsylvania border and traveled through Bedford, Pennsylvania, where the route split and converged at the Great Shamokin Path at the mouth of Anderson Creek. From there, the route led to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Pennsylvania, and thence on Meade&#39;s Path to the Venango Path, Lake Erie and onward to Canada. Quaker settlers living along the Great Shamokin Path in Clearfield County did what they could to assist escaped slaves. The natural topography and terrain of the Eastern Continental Divide provided excellent cover and access to the zigzagging, sometimes backtracking, and myriad alternative routes that were needed to ensure the secrecy of the "Railroad."</p><br>
<h2>Anderson Creek corridor</h2><br>
<p>The historic Anderson Creek corridor was later used for railroad passenger travel and commercial transportation of logs, coal and stone. Early settlers established logging mills and villages along Anderson Creek, and a railroad from Du Bois, Pennsylvania, to Curwensville, Pennsylvania, was completed in 1893. The settlement of Home Camp, Union Township, was once a thriving logging town with saw mills, splash dams and boarding houses for lumbermen. Water was sufficient for floating logs to the West Branch Susquehanna River. The last log drive on Anderson Creek was in 1901. The area is also rich in history from more recent times. During the Golden Age of railroading, passengers and freight rolled along this route, taking students to school and soldiers to war. Millions of tons of coal were pulled along this route, and stone quarried for bridges and buildings throughout the East. Clay was also extracted, with brickyards all along the tracks. Raftsmen plied the Susquehanna, riding logs to market hundreds of miles downstream. The resources help fuel the industrial might of the nation. This trail today is a resource as precious as the coal, timber, stone, and clay carried on the rails along this corridor.</p><br>
<p>Recently, the Anderson Creek corridor has been considered as a venue for environmental and recreational tourism.</p><br>
<h2>The Bickford Railroad Line</h2><br>
<p>In 1881, the shipping interests of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway became eager to have an eastern outlet and what is known as the Clearfield & Mahoning Railroad Company obtained a charter from the State and built a line from C. & M. Junction in Brady Township, Pennsylvania, by way of Luthersburg and Curwensville, to Clearfield, Pennsylvania. The first construction work was started in June 1892, and the first passenger train over this road was run on the first day of June 1893. The line is 17.4 miles long and is named after the Bickford junction west of Curwensville. The Bickford Line traveled along the Eastern Continental Divide bounding Anderson Creek from Rockton, Union Township, Pennsylvania, to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The line is no longer active and the rails have been removed. The last passenger train ride on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield was on June 15, 1954, and hundreds of local residents enjoyed the historic journey. The railroad tracks have been removed and the ownership of the right-of-way is uncertain. The old rail line is popular with ATV enthusiasts.</p><br>
<h2>Du Bois Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The Du Bois Reservoir in Union Township, Clearfield County, consists of 210 acres, has a listed capacity of 615 million gallons and is located near the headwaters of Anderson Creek. The reservoir is a PA DCNR Conservation Area and serves as the water supply for the City of Du Bois. The Du Bois Reservoir is also known as the Anderson Creek Reservoir. The dam at Du Bois Reservoir controls the flow of water from the headwaters of Anderson Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Village of Rockton</h2><br>
<p>Rockton is a village in Union Township, Clearfield County, resting along Anderson Creek near Brown Springs in the Moshannon State Forest. Rockton gets its name from a time when the stagecoach came over the mountain from Clearfield with the mail, and passengers would argue about the weight of a large rock. Rockton had its own school, weekly newspaper, several stores, three churches, a number of mills, both grist and lumber, and an emergency landing field for air mail pilots. Farms did well in the shelter of the surrounding mountains.</p><br>
<p>Rockton was divided in two, upper and lower. What is known as Rockton today was begun through lumbering by people such as John Brubaker. In 1885, Jason E. Kirk and David W. Kirk built a steam-powered feed mill.</p><br>
<p>Lower Rockton began in 1837 with a saw mill and grist mill built by Jason Kirk and Jeremiah Moore. It sits along Anderson Creek as did the wool mill of William Johnson. The Kirk mill was designed to provide adequate height and space at the front of the building for men and horse-drawn wagons to load and unload products.</p><br>
<p>Rockton once had rail service on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Rockton Station built in 1898 was dismantled in the 1970s and is now in Kane, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The greatest disaster for Rockton was a tornado on September 14, 1945, beginning in the Coal Hill area of Brady Township. Many buildings were destroyed with the Hollopeter Poultry Farm receiving most of the damage. The William Irwin house was moved several inches off of its foundation and a barn demolished. The storm cleared a path approximately 100 feet wide and eight miles long. After the storm crossed Anderson Creek and moved up Montgomery Run, it dispersed. No one was injured.</p><br>
<p>Today, Rockton has a post office, two churches, St. John’s Lutheran and the Church of the Brethren, a gas station, a fast-food restaurant, and several shops.</p><br>
<h2>David S. Ammerman Trail</h2><br>
<p>Once known as the Clearfield and Grampian Trail, in 2011, the name was changed to the David S. Ammerman Trail in memory of the man who championed turning the abandoned rail corridor into a recreational trail. The David S. Ammerman Trail traverses Anderson Creek in Curwensville, Pennsylvania, and connects to Grampian, Pennsylvania, and Clearfield, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Anderson Creek Watershed Association</h2><br>
<p>The Anderson Creek Watershed Association has partnered projects with the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Watershed Restoration Project. Clearfield County has more acreage affected by abandoned mines than any county in the state.</p><br>
<p>Whillans Ice Stream  is a glaciological feature of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, formerly known as Ice Stream B, renamed in 2001 in honor of Ohio State University glaciologist Ian Whillans.</p><br>
<h2>Recent Research</h2><br>
<p>Whillans Ice Stream is one of about a half-dozen large, fast-moving rivers of ice pouring from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Ross Ice Shelf. The ice stream is the subject of different glaciological studies, one of which is looking at subglacial lakes that researchers believe may be speeding the movement of the ice as they periodically fill and drain.</p><br>
<p>Other researchers, also funded by the National Science Foundation, reported in the June 5, 2008 issue of the journal Nature that, from seismological and GPS data, they discovered the Whillans Ice Stream releases two bursts of seismic waves every day, each one equivalent to a magnitude 7 earthquake. The data show that the river of ice moves about a half-meter within approximately 30 minutes, remains still for 12 hours, then moves another half-meter, seemingly in phase with gravitational tides. Each time it moves, it emits seismic waves that are recorded at seismographs around Antarctica and even as far away as Australia, a distance of more than 6,400 kilometers.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, an active subglacial water system consisting of several interconnected subglacial lakes was discovered under Whillans Ice Stream using repeat-track data from the ICESat satellite (Fricker and others, 2007). One of these active lakes, subglacial Lake Whillans, is the subject of a major drilling program funded by National Science Foundation (Whillans Ice Stream Subglacial Access (WISSARD)) which successfully reached the lake on January 28, 2013.</p><br>
<p>In January 2015, drilling near the grounding line revealed a colony of fish, crustaceans, and jellyfish inhabiting the dark, frigid waters below the ice shelf. Images taken with a remote camera showed fish 20 cm and amphipods.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau Theatre originally opened as a Vaudeville house somewhere in the United States, in 1927 with an interior decorated as a medieval village. The theater was converted to a movie house eventually remodeled and reopened as a Barnes & Noble bookstore. The Chateau was originally opened on October 26, 1927. The architects, Ellerbe, said," We have given this town the finest theater of its size, bar none, in the USA"</p><br>
<p>On April 1927, Dr. Charles Mayo laid the building&#39;s cornerstone. The structure was originally called the Chateau Dodge Theatre because the Dodge Lumber Company had previously occupied this site. With construction costs of a then-unheard-of $400,000, the theatre opened on October 26, 1927, showing the movie "Spring Fever."</p><br>
<p>The Chateau Theatre was one of Rochesters first air-conditioned buildings, presenting plays, concerts, operas, silent and later talking movies, and vaudeville: In 1940, 25 cents admission provided audiences three acts of music/magic/juggling, "Pathé news," comedy, and a main show. Chateau headliners over the years included actresses Ethel Barrymore and Tallulah Bankhead, the husband-wife acting team of Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt, cinema cowboy Tom Mix; Mary, the rhinoceros co-starring in Johnny Ismuller&#39;s Tarzan; and bandleader Paul Whiteman ("The King of Jazz"). From the 1940 premiere of Gone with the Wind through the 1980s Star Wars episodes, the Chateau provided Rochester the very best in cinema.</p><br>
<p>The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota calls the Chateau Theatre Minnesotas "last and best example of atmospheric theater."&#39; Its principal architecture is Art Deco, a design popularized first in Europe and later the USA (most famously in Hollywood and Miami) from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The original theatre mezzanine and inner lobby are gone; all that remains are the railings and doorways to the restrooms and lounge areas. Originally, the main theatre floor had raked seating; that is, with the rows farther from the stage rising toward the rear. The theatre originally had 1,487 red velvet seats, compared to today&#39;s "theaters," which generally seat 200 at most.</p><br>
<p>The original film projection booth sits above the second floor balcony, hidden behind the giant Barnes & Noble mural. Because of the theatres historic nature and a desire not to disturb its decorative side walls — which replicate an early French (Normandy) village — the floor is attached only at the buildings front and back walls while also supported by main floor pillars. The castle, with 40 balconies and 20 ft turrets, resembles a 10th-century French castle (chateau). Originally passageways extended for actors to appear at the numerous windows and balconies.</p><br>
<p>The theatre ceiling is still the same dark blue as the original. The constellations, which once twinkled as dramatic scenes gradually changed from day to night, are still visible although difficult to see because of the larger spotlights later installed by Barnes & Noble. In addition to a "moon machine," also still present but no longer functioning is a cloud machine, once used to project shadows of clouds across the ceiling. The pipe organ playing for melodrama and silent movies was located on the west side of the current childrens book section; organ pipes were housed in the castle gate. The proscenium arch at the top of the escalator rises above the Chateau Theatres former stage, which measured 33 ft across and along with the organ rose to audience eye level at the start of each performance. Along with multiple dressing rooms, backstage included metal stairs climbing five flights, with showers and toilets at every other level.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 the "World Wide Friends of the Chateau" was formed and was instrumental in preserving the theatre from demolition. Although the theatre was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, it closed on October 2, 1983, with the 1934 movie classic It Happened One Night, starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert. Following nearly eleven years of debate. negotiation, and ultimately $4 million of renovation, Barnes & Noble reopened the doors of the Chateau Theatre on July 1, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>On January 2, 2015, the Barnes & Noble inside the Chateau Theatre closed.</p><br>
<p>Nambé Oweenge Pueblo  is a pueblo in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States, located about 15 miles north of Santa Fe at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in the Pojoaque Valley. The Pueblo of Nambé has existed since the 14th century. It was a primary cultural, economic, and religious center at the time of the arrival of Spanish colonists in the very early 17th century. The community of Nambe is separate from the pueblo. Nambé Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos.</p><br>
<p>Nambé was one of the Pueblos that organized and participated in the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, trying to expel the Spanish from the aera. The 2000 United States Census estimates the Nambé population at 558.</p><br>
<h2>Synonymy</h2><br>
<p>Nambé is the Spanish version of a similar-sounding Tewa word, which can be interpreted loosely as meaning "rounded earth." The word "pueblo" stems from the Spanish word for "village." Pueblo refers both to the Southwestern style architecture and the people themselves.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>The 2000 United States Census surveyed the Nambé Pueblo population at 558.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>The Nambé&#39;s language is a dialect of the Tewa language.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origin and early history</h3><br>
<p>Scholars believe that all Pueblo peoples are descended from the Anasazi, possibly from the Mogollón, and other ancient peoples. In contemporary times, the people and their archaeological culture were referred to as Anasazi for historical purposes. The Navajo, who were not their descendants, called them by this term. Reflecting historic traditions, the term was used to mean "ancient enemies". Contemporary Puebloans do not want this term to be used. As the Ancestral Puebloans abandoned their canyon homeland due to social upheaval and climate change, they migrated to other areas. Eventually the Nambé emerged as a culture in their new homeland in present-day New Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>European contact</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish conquistador Juan de Oñate arrived with armed forces in the area in 1598. He forced Nambé Pueblo, as was the case with other pueblos, to start paying him taxes with cotton, crops and labor. Catholic missionaries also came into the area, threatening native religious beliefs. They renamed pueblos with saints&#39; names, and the first church was built in Nambé Pueblo in the early 1600s. The Spanish introduced new foods to the native communities, including peaches, peppers and wheat. In 1620 a royal decree assigned civil offices to each Pueblo.</p><br>
